Edinburgh Tram Inquiry

Scottish Ministers should undertake a review of public inquiries to determine the most cost-effective method of avoiding delay in the establishment of an inquiry, including consideration of establishing a dedicated unit within the Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service and publishing regularly updated guidance for people involved in the establishment and progress of public inquiries.

In November 2023, Màiri McAllan, Cabinet Secretary for Transport, Net Zero and Just Transition, stated to the Scottish Parliament that ministers were "working through all of these recommendations", adding that additional guidance on the efficient establishment and delivery of public inquiries was in development and had been shared with recent inquiries (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023). The record holds no update since the Scottish Government's response of November 2023 (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023).

In any event Scottish Ministers should not appoint as the sponsor of any public inquiry any department, agency or other government organisation where it, or any of its employees, has had any involvement in the project or other event giving rise to the establishment of the public inquiry.

In November 2023, Cabinet Secretary for Transport, Net Zero and Just Transition Màiri McAllan stated that the Scottish Government was working through the recommendations, adding that "additional guidance similar to that suggested is already in development" regarding the establishment and delivery of public inquiries and had been shared with recent inquiries as they were established (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023). The record holds no update since the Scottish Government's response of November 2023 (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023).

The guidance mentioned in the first recommendation should include: advice concerning the circumstances in which civil servants in the inquiry team may properly transfer to posts, other than promoted posts, within other government departments or agencies; which positions within the administration of a public inquiry may be filled by the employment of agency staff; and whether longer-term contracts as temporary civil servants are more appropriate for particular positions that cannot be filled by permanent civil servants.

In November 2023, Cabinet Secretary for Transport, Net Zero and Just Transition Màiri McAllan stated to the Scottish Parliament that the Scottish Government was "working through all of these recommendations" (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023). The Minister reported in November 2023 that additional guidance regarding the efficient establishment and delivery of public inquiries was already in development and had been shared with recent inquiries as they were established (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023).

In reporting the cost of a public inquiry Scottish Ministers should report its net cost to the public purse, after discounting expenditure already incurred on accommodation, staff and other resources, as well as the total cost appearing in the accounts of the sponsor department.

In November 2023, Màiri McAllan, Cabinet Secretary for Transport, Net Zero and Just Transition, stated that she did not agree with the recommendation to present only net inquiry costs less accommodation and staff, adding that "Full transparency on costs and publication of them are in the public interest" (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023). The record holds no update since the Scottish Government's response of November 2023 (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023).

Where the Business Case for any future light rail project is based upon an assumption that, prior to the award of the contract for the construction of the infrastructure, certain matters will have been completed (e.g. design, the obtaining of all necessary approvals and consents or the diversion of utilities), the contract negotiations should be delayed until completion of these matters has been achieved, failing which before any infrastructure contract is signed a new Business Case should be prepared on the basis of the altered assumptions that prevail and should be approved by the promoter and owner of the project.

In November 2023, Màiri McAllan, Cabinet Secretary for Transport, Net Zero and Just Transition, stated to the Scottish Parliament that the Scottish Government and its public bodies "already operate in line with these recommendations and best practice" (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023). The Minister noted that while the recommendations were directed at project leads and local authority officials, they linked to work being carried out across the administration and its agencies (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023). The record holds no update since the Scottish Government's response of November 2023 (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023).

All versions of the Business Case, including any Business Case required as a result of altered assumptions, should include an assessment of risk that takes account of optimism bias in accordance with the current published government guidance.

In November 2023, Màiri McAllan, Cabinet Secretary for Transport, Net Zero and Just Transition, stated to the Scottish Parliament that while the recommendation was directed at project leads and local authority officials, the administration and its public bodies "already operate in line with these recommendations and best practice" (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023). The Minister stated that this was evidenced by an established record of delivering major infrastructure projects, including the Queensferry Crossing and Borders Railway (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023). The record holds no update since the Scottish Government's response of November 2023 (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023).

The assessment of risk at each stage mentioned in Recommendation 6 should be the subject of a peer review by external consultants with experience of similar large-scale infrastructure projects in the transportation sector who should submit a report of each review to the promoter and owner of the project as well as to the procurement and project manager sufficiently far in advance of the signature of the infrastructure contract to enable the promoter and owner to consider whether to authorise its signature and, as appropriate, to consider any other available options requiring a strategic decision.

In November 2023, Màiri McAllan, Cabinet Secretary for Transport, Net Zero and Just Transition, stated to the Scottish Parliament that her administration and its public bodies "already operate in line with these recommendations and best practice" across major infrastructure projects (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023). The record holds no update since the Scottish Government's response of November 2023 (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023).

The existing Guidance on optimism bias was based on empirical data available almost two decades ago and should be revised to take into account the additional data that is now available. In particular, the reference classes should be updated to include a specific reference to light rail projects and the recommended uplifts for the different reference classes should be adjusted to reflect the additional empirical data that is now available. Thereafter the Guidance should be reviewed and revised to take account of additional data on a regular basis at intervals of not more than five years.

In November 2023, Màiri McAllan, Cabinet Secretary for Transport, Net Zero and Just Transition, stated to the Scottish Parliament that the administration follows detailed guidance on procurement, risk, and optimism bias enshrined in the Treasury's Green Book, the Scottish Public Finance Manual, and the Client Guide to Construction Projects (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023). The record holds no update since the Scottish Government's response of November 2023 (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023).

The identification and management of risk should be an integral part of the governance of all major public-sector contracts in future. In identifying and managing risk the following principles should be adopted: • Probabilistic forecasts rather than single-point forecasts should be used to take account of the risk appetite of funders and project sponsors. • Funders, sponsors and project managers should be cautious when adjusting uplifts and there should be critical review of claims that mitigation measures have reduced project risk. • Effective governance needs to provide constant challenge and control of the project, including recording of where the project is compared with its baseline, and reacting quickly to get the project back on track, whenever there are signs that it is veering off course. This necessitates providing senior decision-makers with data-driven reports on project performance and forecasts combined with reports by the management team and independent audits. • In reporting to governance bodies there should be special emphasis on detecting early warning signs that the cost, schedule and benefit risks may be materialising so that damage to the project can be prevented. If early warning signs do emerge, the project should revisit assumptions and reassess risk and optimism bias forecasts. • The quality of evidence rather than process is the key to providing effective oversight and validation.

In November 2023, Màiri McAllan, Cabinet Secretary for Transport, Net Zero and Just Transition, stated that the Scottish Government and its public bodies "already operate in line with these recommendations and best practice" as demonstrated by their delivery of major infrastructure projects (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023). In February 2024, the City of Edinburgh Council Transport and Environment Committee agreed that a report would be brought back setting out what funding had been allocated and what measures would be taken regarding recommendation 9 on risk and optimism bias (City of Edinburgh Council, Feb 2024).

In the interests of protecting the public purse and maximising the benefits from public expenditure on major projects, the Scottish Ministers should contemplate establishing a joint working group consisting of officials in Transport Scotland and representatives of the Convention of Scottish Local Authorities (“COSLA”) to consider how best to take advantage of: • tolerating the risk of cost overrun that is always a possibility in risk assessments by including all public-sector light rail projects in the portfolio of large projects undertaken by the Scottish Government, including those to be constructed wholly within the geographical boundaries of a single local authority; • the greater experience within Transport Scotland of managing major projects in the public sector; and • the necessary skills and expertise within Transport Scotland to deliver the project on time and within budget.

In November 2023, the Cabinet Secretary for Transport, Net Zero and Just Transition, Màiri McAllan, stated that the Scottish Government would "consider that recommendation on a case-by-case basis", noting that while its focus on light rail limited applicable cases, evidence regarding the separation of roles also remained relevant (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023). The record holds no update since the Scottish Government's response of November 2023 (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023).

The Scottish Ministers and local authorities responsible for funding light rail projects should be mindful at all times of their obligation to protect public funds and to obtain value for public expenditure. In that regard: • the Scottish Ministers should impose conditions on the payments of grants, similar to the “hold points” imposed on the offer of grant made on 19 March 2007 that enable them to review at each “hold point” whether the scheme is continuing to meet its objectives and to determine whether to continue to support the funding and implementation of the scheme; • continued financial support from the Scottish Ministers should require their critical review of all versions of the draft Business Case and their approval of the FBC as well as their review, and approval before their signature, of the draft contracts for the delivery of the project; • the Scottish Ministers should be involved in the delivery of the project as they were before the withdrawal of the support of officials from Transport Scotland in 2007 and following the resumption of infrastructure works after the mediation settlement at Mar Hall; and • as a condition of the grant the local authority should be obliged to comply with the project monitoring and control procedures of Transport Scotland and should ensure that robust, transparent, externally verifiable project controls for the project are in place.

In November 2023, Cabinet Secretary for Transport, Net Zero and Just Transition Màiri McAllan told the Scottish Parliament that effective collaboration was central to shared priorities under the Verity House Agreement (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023). The Minister stated that while delivery responsibility must remain with councils as project leads, she had "absolutely no hesitation in championing close working with our local authority partners" (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023). The record holds no update since the Scottish Government's response of November 2023 (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023).

For reasons of transparency and accountability for public expenditure, the Scottish Ministers should keep minutes of: • the nature and content of any discussions and the reasons for any decisions taken at all meetings, discussions or telephone conversations, and in email or other correspondence between a Minister and civil servants relating to the nature and extent of any involvement by civil servants in the procurement and delivery of a project funded or to be funded in whole or in part from public funds (including a grant from the Scottish Ministers); • all discussions between a Minister and representatives of a local authority, the company responsible for the procurement and delivery of a publicly funded project or the company responsible for its construction to record what was discussed and what, if any, decisions were reached and the reasons for any such decision; • all discussions between a Minister and civil servants including telephone discussions concerning any negotiations, including, but not restricted to, negotiations at mediation, for settling disputes involving contracts funded or to be funded in whole or in part from public funds (including a grant from the Scottish Ministers) to record what was discussed and what, if any, decisions were reached and the reasons for any such decision.

In November 2023, Cabinet Secretary for Transport, Net Zero and Just Transition Màiri McAllan stated that robust procedures regarding minute-taking and documentation management had long been embedded across the civil service (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023). The Minister added that the Permanent Secretary had recently reiterated to a parliamentary committee the commitment to maintaining systems to record and manage this information (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023). The record holds no update since the Scottish Government's response of November 2023 (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023).

The procurement strategy for any future light rail project should make adequate provision for the uncertainties concerning the location of utilities and redundant equipment belonging to present and past utility companies, particularly in urban centres. In particular, although it is not possible to be prescriptive about the appropriate timescale: • the procurement strategy should include a requirement that the route of the track should be exposed and cleared of utilities well in advance of the infrastructure contractors commencing their work; • the procurement strategy should specify the period that should elapse between the exposure and clearance of the route and the commencement of construction, to ensure that the contractors have unrestricted access to the construction site and may proceed with the infrastructure works unencumbered by the presence of utilities; and • in fixing the period mentioned above, the procurement strategy should take into account the length of the route to be constructed, past experience of the time taken for the diversion of utilities in light rail projects in other parts of the UK and any additional constraints peculiar to the project such as an embargo on work to divert utilities during particular periods such as the festive season or special events (e.g. the Edinburgh Festival).

In November 2023, Cabinet Secretary for Transport, Net Zero and Just Transition Màiri McAllan stated to the Scottish Parliament that the Scottish Government and its public bodies already operated in line with the recommendation and best practice (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023). In April 2024, Paul Lawrence, Executive Director of Place at the City of Edinburgh Council, reported that the Council did not accept the recommendation, noting that clearing utilities immediately prior to construction had been effective on the Trams to Newhaven project and should remain an option for future schemes (Paul Lawrence, Apr 2024).

Although some participants in the Inquiry criticised the use of MUDFA to divert utilities in advance of the infrastructure works and advocated the “bow wave” approach to the diversion of utilities that followed the mediation settlement at Mar Hall, I do not think it appropriate to be prescriptive about how the risks associated with the diversion of utilities are managed. It is sufficient for promoters of light rail schemes to be aware of such risks and to demonstrate that they have adequate proposals for managing them.

In November 2023, Màiri McAllan, Cabinet Secretary for Transport, Net Zero and Just Transition, stated to the Scottish Parliament that the Scottish Government and its public bodies "already operate in line with these recommendations and best practice" through their delivery of major infrastructure projects (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023). The record holds no update since the Scottish Government's response of November 2023 (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023).

In recognition of the various difficulties likely to be experienced in the design and construction of a light rail project through a city centre, the promoter and owner of the project should appoint as its procurement and project manager a company with suitably qualified and experienced permanent employees that has delivered a similar project successfully on time and within budget or can demonstrate that it will be able to do so.

In December 2023, Andrew Kerr, Chief Executive of the City of Edinburgh Council, recommended that it adopt the recommendation, noting that the inquiry report highlighted insufficient delivery experience to assure proper management (Andrew Kerr response, Dec 2023). He stated that procurement and project management is "key to success" and that demonstrable experience should be secured as part of light rail delivery (Andrew Kerr response, Dec 2023). The record holds no update since the Council's response of December 2023 (Andrew Kerr response, Dec 2023).

Immediately following the appointment of the designer, and throughout the design of the project, the designer should engage with the promoter and owner of the project, the procurement and project manager, the local planning authority, the utility companies and interested third parties owning land that may be affected by the project to clarify their design criteria. In such discussions throughout the design of the project the promoter and owner of the project should co-ordinate responses to the various stages of design and, in doing so, should take into account the competing interests of different parties and of various departments within any local authority exercising different statutory functions as well as the significance of the project in the context of the community as a whole and should provide all necessary assistance and clear and timeous instructions to the designer to avoid delays and additional expense. In that regard: • prior to the appointment of the designer the local planning authority ought to produce sufficiently detailed design guidelines to enable the designer to take them into account from the outset when designing the tram network and to improve the prospects of obtaining the necessary consents and approvals without requiring repeated re-submission of designs that will result in delay to the project with resultant expense; • throughout the project a collaborative approach should be adopted by the promoter and owner to achieve an early resolution of any design issues that arise; and • the promoter and owner should assume primary responsibility for co-ordinating the local authority’s response and for negotiating the resolution of all issues to enable clear instructions to be issued to the designer and to avoid re-design of sections of the route following reconsideration of matters that have been resolved at an earlier stage.

In December 2023, Andrew Kerr, Chief Executive of the City of Edinburgh Council, recommended that it adopt the recommendation to produce detailed design guidance, collaborate with the designer, and coordinate responses to design queries, noting that the absence of a single point of contact prior to mediation had led to confusion regarding its position (Andrew Kerr response, Dec 2023). The record holds no update since the City of Edinburgh Council's response of December 2023 (Andrew Kerr response, Dec 2023).

The governance structure for the delivery of a major project such as a light rail scheme should follow the published guidance and should ensure that there is clarity regarding the respective roles of the various bodies and individuals involved in its delivery. In particular, the chairman of the company responsible for the procurement and management of the project should not also be its chief executive.

In December 2023, Andrew Kerr, Chief Executive of the City of Edinburgh Council, agreed that future governance structures for major projects must follow up to date guidance and clearly set out the roles and responsibilities of bodies and individuals (Andrew Kerr response, Dec 2023). He recommended that it adopt the recommendation and seek assurance that these roles are understood (Andrew Kerr response, Dec 2023). The record holds no update since the Council's response of December 2023 (Andrew Kerr response, Dec 2023).

As part of their investigations, representatives of OGC undertaking an independent “readiness review” of a publicly funded project and representatives of any person, including representatives of any public body such as Audit Scotland, undertaking a review of the progress of and/or expenditure on a project funded in whole or in part by public funds should interview key personnel involved in the project to ensure that each of them understands his or her role and is performing it effectively. In preparing any list of key personnel to be interviewed, the individuals undertaking the investigations shall include the person designated as SRO.

In December 2023, Andrew Kerr, Chief Executive of the City of Edinburgh Council, stated that while the recommendation was for third parties undertaking future reviews or audits, he recommended that the council agree to support any such review or audit to ensure "a clear understanding of roles and responsibilities" (Andrew Kerr response, Dec 2023). The record holds no update since the council's response of December 2023 (Andrew Kerr response, Dec 2023).

At all stages of the project there should be a collaborative approach to delivering it. This should include the co-location of representatives from each organisation relevant to the particular stage reached and having an interest in its completion to enable any issues to be addressed and resolved at the earliest opportunity, thereby minimising the risk of the escalation of disputes with associated delays and increased expense.

In December 2023, Chief Executive Andrew Kerr recommended adopting the recommendation on collaborative delivery, reporting that the advantage of co-locating representatives with an interest in project completion was understood and had already been "successfully adopted on the Trams to Newhaven project" (Andrew Kerr response, Dec 2023). The record holds no update since the City of Edinburgh Council's response of December 2023 (Andrew Kerr response, Dec 2023).

The directors, employees and consultants of the company responsible for the procurement and delivery of the project as project managers, including an arm’s-length external organisation (“ALEO”) wholly owned by the local authority that is the promoter and owner of the project, should not submit to the local authority information that is deceptive or reports that are misleading either by the inclusion of false statements or by the omission of references to facts that might influence the strategic decisions of councillors if they were disclosed. In that regard they should recognise and respect the need for local authority officials to scrutinise and challenge the accuracy of information and reports submitted to them and should not seek to frustrate, or interfere with, the instruction of independent consultants to advise officials on the accuracy of the risk assessment in such reports or on the terms of any draft contracts for which they seek authority to sign.

The Inquiry recommended that external project bodies not submit misleading reports to councils. In December 2023, Andrew Kerr, Chief Executive of City of Edinburgh Council, stated that work was underway on a framework to strengthen scrutiny and formalise candour in governance agreements, alongside existing procurement rules against misleading tenders (Andrew Kerr response, Dec 2023). He noted that this review would report in 2024, but did not mention protecting the instruction of independent consultants (Andrew Kerr response, Dec 2023).

Local authority officials should be mindful at all times of the distinction in roles between them and councillors, who are solely responsible for strategic decisions, and of their duty to provide accurate reports to councillors to enable them to take informed decisions based upon the reality of the situation. Such reports should not be misleading either by the inclusion of false statements or by the omission of relevant facts. Where officials prepare and submit reports based upon reports to them from an ALEO acting as the procurement and delivery vehicle, they should not assume the accuracy of these reports based upon the adoption of a “one family” approach involving the local authority and the ALEO.

In December 2023, Andrew Kerr, Chief Executive of the City of Edinburgh Council, reported that the council accepted the recommendation, noting that training on the Member/Officer Protocol was being delivered to senior officers to reinforce the distinction between officer and councillor roles (Andrew Kerr response, Dec 2023). He stated that measures to ensure officers do not assume the accuracy of reports from arm's-length external organisations would be reviewed and strengthened under a framework reporting in 2024 (Andrew Kerr response, Dec 2023). The record holds no update since the council's response of December 2023 (Andrew Kerr response, Dec 2023).

Where a company, including an ALEO, knowingly submits a report or other information to local authority officials that is misleading by reason of the inclusion of false statements or the omission of relevant facts or where such officials knowingly submit misleading information to councillors, whether or not councillors act upon that information, the Scottish Ministers should consider whether there should be an appropriate sanction in damages against the relevant individuals within the company responsible for the false statements or omission of relevant facts, as well as against the company itself, and against the relevant local authority officials involved in misleading councillors.

In November 2023, Màiri McAllan, Cabinet Secretary for Transport, Net Zero and Just Transition, stated that ministers were giving "careful consideration" to the recommendation, noting the view that the civil law of delictual liability might already provide for such sanctions but confirming that they would continue to consider the matter (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023). The record holds no update since the Scottish Government's response of November 2023 (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023).

In addition to any civil liability arising from any sanction introduced in accordance with Recommendation 22, the Scottish Ministers should consider whether there is a need for a statutory criminal offence involving strict liability once it is established that the information and/or report was misleading by reason of the inclusion of false statements or the omission of relevant facts.

In November 2023, Màiri McAllan, Cabinet Secretary for Transport, Net Zero and Just Transition, stated that consideration was being given to creating a statutory criminal offence, noting an initial view that provision might already exist under the criminal common law of fraud (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023). The Minister confirmed that work to consider the recommendation would continue (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023). The record holds no update since the Scottish Government's response of November 2023 (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023).

The Scottish Ministers should also give consideration to the need for legislation to impose a similar duty of disclosure to that owed by policyholders to their insurers upon a company, its directors, employees or consultants and upon a local authority and its officials towards representatives of OGC or of Audit Scotland undertaking any review of a publicly funded project. Any such legislation should determine the appropriate civil and/or criminal sanctions to be imposed for breach of the duty of disclosure.

Speaking to the Scottish Parliament in November 2023, Màiri McAllan, Cabinet Secretary for Transport, Net Zero and Just Transition, stated that ministers would continue to "very carefully consider each of the recommendations", noting where action had already been taken or reflected best practice and identifying where further steps could be taken (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023). The record holds no update since the Scottish Government's response of November 2023 (Màiri McAllan response, Nov 2023).