Select Committee · Education Committee

Higher Education and Funding: Threat of Insolvency and International Students

Status: Open Opened: 12 Jun 2025 36 recommendations 25 conclusions 1 report

The UK’s higher education sector is in trouble. Dozens of universities are making redundancies and cuts to courses, trying to stay afloat amid uncertainty over where their money is coming from. The Education Committee will look under the bonnet at what is going on. In a focused single evidence session on 8 April, the Committee … Show more

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Reports

1 report
Title HC No. Published Items Response
9th Report - Higher Education and Funding: Threat of Insolv… HC 807 12 May 2026 61 Responded

Recommendations & Conclusions

26 items
2 Conclusion 9th Report - Higher Education and Fundi… Accepted

The Office for Students’ TRAC data shows that Government research spending is not funding 80%...

The Office for Students’ TRAC data shows that Government research spending is not funding 80% of full economic costs of research in the way it should. The UKRI is undertaking research into why this is the case. We welcome the Government’s increase in research and development funding over this Parliament, … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government maintains its commitment to meeting 80% of research's full economic costs and highlights existing actions by DSIT and UKRI to improve grant cost recovery, but states it cannot commit to a timeline due to institutional autonomy and applicant behavior.
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Department for Education
4 Recommendation 9th Report - Higher Education and Fundi… Accepted

The representative bodies of small institutions, such as Conservatoires UK and Independent Higher Education, have...

The representative bodies of small institutions, such as Conservatoires UK and Independent Higher Education, have highlighted the high cost of Office for Students regulations for such providers. The Office for Students should review the costs of its regulation to ensure they are fair to institutions of all sizes. (Recommendation, Paragraph … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government states it has already launched a public consultation on the Office for Students’ fee charging model, following an independent review that recommended a more proportionate approach. It will consider the committee's recommendation alongside the consultation's findings for future decisions.
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Department for Education
9 Conclusion 9th Report - Higher Education and Fundi… Accepted

We heard concerns that the quality of governance had contributed to HE institutions facing financial...

We heard concerns that the quality of governance had contributed to HE institutions facing financial difficulties. There is a need to ensure governing bodies have the capabilities and culture to challenge effectively the assumptions of senior leadership in higher education institutions, including on finances, projections of student numbers, and plans … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government states that the Post-16 Education and Skills White Paper and the Higher Education Code of Governance already address the need for stronger governance, and that it will support the Office for Students in strengthening its management and governance conditions of registration.
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Department for Education
10 Recommendation 9th Report - Higher Education and Fundi… Accepted

The Office for Students should develop a governance improvement programme for higher education institutions to...

The Office for Students should develop a governance improvement programme for higher education institutions to ensure that good practice is disseminated, benchmarking tools are available and direct support to strengthen governance is available to institutions when needed. (Recommendation, Paragraph 86) Read more

Government response AI summary
The government states that plans are already in place, referencing the Post-16 Education and Skills White Paper and an existing governance Code, and commits to supporting the Office for Students in strengthening its management and governance conditions of registration.
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Department for Education
17 Conclusion 9th Report - Higher Education and Fundi… Accepted

The Government states that the present £9,535 fees are only worth £5,920 in 2012/13 terms,...

The Government states that the present £9,535 fees are only worth £5,920 in 2012/13 terms, a reduction of 38%. Future increases in line with inflation will not reverse that historic reduction. We also know that publicly funded teaching for undergraduate home students costs more to deliver than the income received … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government has increased maximum tuition fees for the 2025/26, 2026/27, and 2027/28 academic years and committed to legislate for automatic future increases to provide long-term certainty and address the real-terms reduction.
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Department for Education
20 Conclusion 9th Report - Higher Education and Fundi… Accepted

We have heard an early warning system is needed to give better information about the...

We have heard an early warning system is needed to give better information about the risk of a higher education provider becoming insolvent. Currently there is no clearly understood protocol for how the Government might respond to a situation of a provider at risk of imminent insolvency, which is a … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government recognizes the concern and states that the Office for Students already monitors financial sustainability, has bolstered its approach, and is considering earlier intervention levers within the existing regulatory framework, with government support.
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Department for Education
21 Recommendation 9th Report - Higher Education and Fundi… Accepted

An early warning protocol needs to be established with urgency.

An early warning protocol needs to be established with urgency. This follows calls for improved early warning from the Russell Group, the Institute of Physics and Aston University. A protocol would also address when the Government should intervene and ensure there is a clear process to manage the risk of … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government recognizes the need for early risk identification and management, stating that the Office for Students already monitors financial sustainability and has bolstered its approach, and is considering potential levers for earlier intervention within the existing regulatory framework.
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Department for Education
22 Recommendation 9th Report - Higher Education and Fundi… Accepted

The protocol should include assessment of viability, quality of provision, size and scale and importance...

The protocol should include assessment of viability, quality of provision, size and scale and importance to the local community and economy, accompanied by a review of governance and greater financial reporting requirements. Costed plans would be required for protecting students, staff and the wider community in the event of insolvency. … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government refers to existing arrangements, stating that the Office for Students already monitors financial sustainability, identifies risks, and has strengthened its approach to early intervention to protect students and the public interest.
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Department for Education
23 Conclusion 9th Report - Higher Education and Fundi… Accepted

We have heard conflicting views about whether a higher education provider can continue to operate...

We have heard conflicting views about whether a higher education provider can continue to operate when insolvent. The Minister for Skills says that she thinks they can, arguing that institutions entering liquidation can carry on operating whilst being wound up. She stated that the threshold for government intervention in such … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government outlines existing efforts where the Office for Students monitors financial sustainability, undertakes risk assessment, and has refocused on early intervention, with government support, to manage risks and protect students.
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Department for Education
24 Recommendation 9th Report - Higher Education and Fundi… Accepted

Government should legislate to clarify the situation so that higher education providers that become insolvent...

Government should legislate to clarify the situation so that higher education providers that become insolvent can continue to operate and avoid a disorderly exit. Its response should also clarify the criteria for the threshold for Government intervention for each of the range of different types of entity that comprise higher … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government states that existing plans are in place, with the Office for Students already proactively monitoring financial sustainability, undertaking risk assessment, and engaging with providers. It highlights that the OfS is considering earlier intervention levers within the existing regulatory framework, but does not commit …
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Department for Education
25 Conclusion 9th Report - Higher Education and Fundi… Accepted

We have heard differing views on whether a special regime would be beneficial to protect...

We have heard differing views on whether a special regime would be beneficial to protect the interests of students, staff and other stakeholders, or whether creating a regime would distract from efforts to stave off insolvency. While we respect the concerns voiced by university organisations, the negative impact of a … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government recognizes the importance of early risk identification and management, stating that the Office for Students already monitors financial sustainability and has bolstered its approach, and is considering potential levers for earlier intervention to protect students.
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Department for Education
26 Recommendation 9th Report - Higher Education and Fundi… Accepted

A special regime, building on and learning lessons from the Further Education regime, could ensure...

A special regime, building on and learning lessons from the Further Education regime, could ensure an orderly exit. This would include ensuring teach-out processes for current students, protecting the sufficiency of sector-critical courses and allowing for mitigations to avoid geographical cold-spots. (Recommendation, Paragraph 146) Read more

Government response AI summary
The government asserts that the Office for Students (OfS) is already monitoring providers' financial sustainability, undertaking risk assessments, and considering earlier intervention levers within the existing regulatory framework to manage risks, rather than committing to a new special regime.
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Department for Education
33 Conclusion 9th Report - Higher Education and Fundi… Accepted

There was strong support amongst our evidence from HE providers for the positive benefits of...

There was strong support amongst our evidence from HE providers for the positive benefits of sharing services between higher education providers, but we have heard that a significant barrier to this is VAT on shared services for HE. Its removal would increase efficiency and enhance collaboration between providers. It is … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government states it is already working across departments to explore how VAT rules constrain collaboration and is engaging with the sector on non-legislative measures, such as targeted guidance, to improve efficiency and foster more collaboration.
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Department for Education
34 Recommendation 9th Report - Higher Education and Fundi… Accepted

Given the considerable financial pressures on higher education institutions and the potential cost saving benefits...

Given the considerable financial pressures on higher education institutions and the potential cost saving benefits of sharing services, we recommend that the Department for Education works with the Treasury and the higher education sector to gather the necessary data to progress an exploration of removing VAT on shared services. (Recommendation, … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government states it is already working across government to explore how VAT rules constrain collaboration and is engaging with the sector on non-legislative measures like guidance and best practice.
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Department for Education
35 Conclusion 9th Report - Higher Education and Fundi… Accepted

Evidence from the higher education sector supported greater collaboration between providers.

Evidence from the higher education sector supported greater collaboration between providers. We welcome the CMA’s recent update about when collaboration with other higher education providers is permissible. We will monitor any future developments in this space, especially were a situation to arise in which competition law proved a barrier to … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government acknowledges the need for competition law to allow collaboration and details existing engagement with the CMA, the provision of guidance, and an ongoing commitment to monitor and review the framework for potential future needs.
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Department for Education
39 Recommendation 9th Report - Higher Education and Fundi… Accepted

There should be greater coordination by the Office for Students and UKRI with the Department...

There should be greater coordination by the Office for Students and UKRI with the Department for Education, the Department for Science, Innovation and Technology and other relevant Government departments and agencies, as called for by the Russell Group. This would build on the recent mapping of cold-spots published by HESA. … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government states that greater coordination is already embedded in the system through existing legislation, formal collaboration agreements, and close working between departments and agencies, noting ongoing efforts to enhance data sharing and analysis.
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Department for Education
44 Conclusion 9th Report - Higher Education and Fundi… Accepted

We heard concerns about changes to the Graduate Visa under the previous and present governments.

We heard concerns about changes to the Graduate Visa under the previous and present governments. The graduate visa was one factor in the increase in international student numbers after 2021, and the changes since 2023 have been a factor in the subsequent reduction in the number of international students in … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government states that the independent Migration Advisory Committee has already conducted a review of the Graduate route and that the Home Office and DfE will continue to monitor the impact of changes and keep policies under regular review.
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Department for Education
45 Recommendation 9th Report - Higher Education and Fundi… Accepted

The Government should carefully monitor the impact of its graduate visa changes, and publish an...

The Government should carefully monitor the impact of its graduate visa changes, and publish an independent evaluation of the changes one year after the reduction to 18 months for undergraduate and taught postgraduate students takes effect. (Recommendation, Paragraph 231) 117 Read more

Government response AI summary
The government states that the independent Migration Advisory Committee has already reviewed the Graduate route and that the Home Office and DfE will continue to monitor the impact of changes, but does not commit to a new independent evaluation one year after the 18-month reduction.
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Department for Education
46 Conclusion 9th Report - Higher Education and Fundi… Accepted

We understand the Government’s wish to crackdown on abuse of the student visa system.

We understand the Government’s wish to crackdown on abuse of the student visa system. The Government has decided to pursue this objective through reforming the BCA requirements. We have heard concerns from higher education providers and stakeholders about the implementation of the tougher BCA requirements, particularly how they would be … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government states that BCA changes are being phased in with transitional measures and discretion, and that UKVI is already enhancing data sharing mechanisms with institutions.
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Department for Education
48 Recommendation 9th Report - Higher Education and Fundi… Accepted

The Government response should also outline how its approach on BCA will help rather than...

The Government response should also outline how its approach on BCA will help rather than harm attempts to diversify where higher education providers recruit international students from. (Recommendation, Paragraph 246)

Government response AI summary
The government outlined its approach to the BCA framework, explaining that it does not restrict recruitment sources and is expected to encourage diversification by prompting sponsors to adopt risk-aware strategies and reduce over-reliance on specific markets.
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Department for Education
51 Recommendation 9th Report - Higher Education and Fundi… Accepted

The Government should clarify whether it intends to continue with the Turing Scheme.

The Government should clarify whether it intends to continue with the Turing Scheme. It should also outline what lessons it has taken from the Turing Scheme, for instance around provision for students from disadvantaged backgrounds, the geographical range of institutions linked to, and how beneficial aspects will be built into … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government accepts the recommendation, confirming the Turing Scheme budget for 2026/27 and its transition to an expanded Erasmus+ in 2027/28. It outlines lessons learned from the Turing Scheme regarding disadvantaged students and inclusion, confirming these will be built into the new Erasmus+ program.
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Department for Education
54 Recommendation 9th Report - Higher Education and Fundi… Accepted

In particular, we have heard there are concerns that the levy will disproportionately affect institutions...

In particular, we have heard there are concerns that the levy will disproportionately affect institutions with high numbers of local students and students from disadvantaged backgrounds, the very same students who the Government intends will benefit from maintenance grants. In its response, the Government needs to provide a more detailed … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government states that updates and refinements will be made to the International Student Levy’s impact analysis before its introduction, to consider the latest available evidence and data.
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Department for Education
55 Recommendation 9th Report - Higher Education and Fundi… Accepted

In its Immigration White Paper the Government said the levy would be reinvested in the...

In its Immigration White Paper the Government said the levy would be reinvested in the higher education and skills system. It should confirm whether it expects revenue from the levy to pay for other areas of the skills system in addition to higher education maintenance grants. (Recommendation, Paragraph 278) Read more

Government response AI summary
The government confirms that the revenue from the International Student Levy will be reinvested into other areas of the skills system, in addition to higher education maintenance grants, as previously stated in its technical consultation document.
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Department for Education
58 Recommendation 9th Report - Higher Education and Fundi… Accepted

The Government should establish monitoring and evaluation of the impact of the levy, which could...

The Government should establish monitoring and evaluation of the impact of the levy, which could be undertaken by the Office for Students, in terms of the impact on the financial sustainability of HE institutions. It should also evaluate the impact on international and domestic students and the wider local economy … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government commits to monitoring and assessing the impact of the International Student Levy as it is implemented.
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Department for Education
59 Conclusion 9th Report - Higher Education and Fundi… Accepted

We heard support for reinstating maintenance grants and calls for better maintenance provision, given that...

We heard support for reinstating maintenance grants and calls for better maintenance provision, given that the value of maintenance loans have fallen in real terms in recent years. (Conclusion, Paragraph 282)

Government response AI summary
The government is reintroducing targeted, means-tested maintenance grants of up to £1,000 per year for disadvantaged students, starting from academic year 2028/2029, to be funded by a levy on international students.
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Department for Education
60 Conclusion 9th Report - Higher Education and Fundi… Accepted

We welcome the new maintenance grants as part of support for UK students.

We welcome the new maintenance grants as part of support for UK students. The Committee may well examine student funding as part of wider work into student wellbeing later in this Parliament. (Recommendation, Paragraph 283)

Government response AI summary
The government is reintroducing targeted, means-tested maintenance grants of up to £1,000 per year for disadvantaged students, starting from academic year 2028/2029, to be funded by a levy on international students.
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Department for Education

Oral evidence sessions

3 sessions
Date Witnesses
25 Nov 2025 Patrick Curry · Department for Education, Susan Lapworth · Office for Students, The Rt Hon. the Baroness Smith of Malvern · The Department for Education View ↗
21 Oct 2025 Adam Leach · Civic University Network, Carol Prokopyszyn · British Universities Finance Directors Group, Dr David Pilsbury · International Higher Education Commission, Mr Neil Smyth · Mills and Reeve LLP, Mrs Dani Payne · Social Market Foundation, Professor Brian Bell · Migration Advisory Committee, Rachel MacSween · IDP Education UK and Ireland, Vivienne Stern MBE · Universities UK View ↗
8 Apr 2025 Alex Stanley · National Union of Students, Andrew Bird · British Universities' International Liaison Association, Dr Hollie Chandler · The Russell Group, Jo Grady · University College Union (UCU), Mr Raj Jethwa · Universities and Colleges Employers Association (UCEA), Professor Dame Jessica Corner · UK Research and Innovation, Professor Malcolm Press CBE · Universities UK, Rachel Hewitt · MillionPlus, The Association for Modern Universities, Sir Philip Augar · Post-18 Education and Funding Review View ↗

Who gave evidence

20 witnesses
WitnessOrganisationSessions
Adam Leach · National Civic Impact Director Civic University Network 1
Alex Stanley · Vice-President of Higher Education National Union of Students 1
Andrew Bird · Chair British Universities' International Liaison Association 1
Carol Prokopyszyn · Chief Financial Officer, University of Manchester British Universities Finance Directors Group 1
Dr David Pilsbury · Secretary International Higher Education Commission 1
Dr Hollie Chandler · Director of Policy The Russell Group 1
Jo Grady · General Secretary University College Union (UCU) 1
Mr Neil Smyth · Partner Mills and Reeve LLP 1
Mr Raj Jethwa · Chief Executive Universities and Colleges Employers Association (UCEA) 1
Mrs Dani Payne · Head of Education and Social Mobility Social Market Foundation 1
Patrick Curry · Director for Higher Education Oversight Department for Education 1
Professor Brian Bell · Chair Migration Advisory Committee 1
Professor Dame Jessica Corner · Executive Chair, Research England UK Research and Innovation 1
Professor Malcolm Press CBE · Vice President (England and Northern Ireland) Universities UK 1
Rachel Hewitt · Chief Executive MillionPlus, The Association for Modern Universities 1
Rachel MacSween · Director of Client Partnerships and Stakeholder E… IDP Education UK and Ireland 1
Sir Philip Augar · Chair of the 2019 Independent Panel Post-18 Education and Funding Review 1
Susan Lapworth · Chief Executive Office for Students 1
The Rt Hon. the Baroness Smith of Malvern · Minister of State (Minister for Skills) The Department for Education 1
Vivienne Stern MBE · Chief Executive Universities UK 1

Correspondence

11 letters
DateDirectionTitle
14 Apr 2026 To cttee Joint letter from UCEA and UUK on Higher Education and Funding: Threat of Insol…
24 Mar 2026 Correspondence with HM Treasury on Higher Education and Funding: Threat of Inso…
13 Jan 2026 To cttee Letter from Minister for Skills on Higher Education and Funding, dated 19.12.25
9 Dec 2025 From cttee Letter to Minister for Skills on Higher Education and Funding dated 09.12.25
3 Jun 2025 To cttee Letter from NUS on follow up evidence from Higher Education and Funding: Threat…
3 Jun 2025 To cttee Letter from Professor Malcolm Press CBE on Higher Education and Funding: Threat…
20 May 2025 To cttee Letter from Secretary of State on Higher Education 14.05.25
7 May 2025 From cttee Letter to Rt Hon Bridget Phillipson MP, Secretary of State for Education on Hig…
6 May 2025 To cttee Letter from Provost, The University of Edinburgh on Higher Education 25.04.25
29 Apr 2025 To cttee Letter from BUILA on Higher Education dated 23.04.25
23 Apr 2025 To cttee Letter from the Russell Group of Universities on Higher Education and Funding d…