Source · Select Committees · Environmental Audit Committee
3rd Report - The UK and the Antarctic environment
Environmental Audit Committee
HC 499
Published 9 June 2025
Recommendations
3
Accepted
Ensure timely delivery of planned Antarctic Strategy, incorporating committee recommendations
Recommendation
We recommend that the current Government follow through on this commitment and ensure the strategy is delivered as planned. The Government should consider this report, including its conclusions and recommendations, as a valuable guide highlighting key areas the strategy should …
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Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation, committing to publish an Antarctic strategy before the end of the year and to consider the Committee's report and recommendations during its production.
4
Acknowledged
Articulate strategic rationale for UK’s Antarctic presence with transparent funding and regular review
Recommendation
We recommend that the Government more clearly articulates the rationale for the UK’s significant physical presence in Antarctica, outlining the strategic and scientific objectives behind this commitment. Transparency in funding and expenditure for Antarctic activities is also essential. The strategy …
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Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation but provides no specific details on how it will articulate the UK’s rationale for its Antarctic presence, improve funding transparency, or implement review mechanisms.
5
Acknowledged
Convene Polar Regions Ministerial Group regularly to maintain strategic focus on critical regions
Recommendation
We commend the establishment of the Polar Regions Ministerial Group as recommended in our predecessor Committee’s report on The UK and the Arctic environment, and welcome its expansion to include Antarctic issues. Our predecessor Committee hoped that this ministerial group …
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Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation but does not provide specific details on its plan to ensure the Polar Regions Ministerial Group continues to convene regularly or how it will ensure timely responses to challenges.
8
Acknowledged
Continue leading global efforts to protect Antarctica by reinforcing Antarctic Treaty System partnerships.
Recommendation
We recommend that the UK continues to lead global efforts to protect Antarctica by reinforcing partnerships within the Antarctic Treaty System. This includes fostering dialogue with all treaty members, including China, and ensuring that UK actions align with broader foreign …
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Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation but provides no specific details on how it will continue to lead global efforts to protect Antarctica by reinforcing partnerships or fostering dialogue.
9
Accepted in Part
Expand joint research efforts in polar science for informed Antarctic Treaty System decisions.
Recommendation
The UK’s expertise in polar science presents a valuable opportunity for strengthening international collaboration. We recommend expanding joint research efforts, particularly in areas such as marine conservation, land ecology, and ice sheet modelling. By contributing robust scientific data, the UK …
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Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation in part, citing current involvement in significant international science projects like Thwaites Glacier, BIOPOLE, and SWAIS2C collaborations. They state that any further expansion of these efforts will be contingent on future budget allocations.
11
Acknowledged
Work with Antarctic Treaty System parties to enhance effectiveness of inspection processes.
Recommendation
We recommend that the UK work with other parties in the Antarctic Treaty System to review and enhance the effectiveness of inspection processes. By taking a leading role in this effort, the UK can help ensure greater transparency and accountability, …
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Government Response Summary
The government partially accepts the recommendation but provides no further details on how it intends to work with other parties to review and enhance inspection processes.
13
Accepted
Improve international coordination and data sharing for Antarctic climate monitoring.
Recommendation
We recommend that the Government work with international partners through the Antarctic Treaty System to improve coordination of long- term climate monitoring in Antarctica, ensuring that the data outputs from such monitoring is openly shared and feeds directly into global …
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Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation, agreeing on the importance of long-term monitoring and data sharing within the Antarctic Treaty System. They confirm ongoing work to develop an international framework for environmental monitoring and a planned joint workshop in May 2026.
15
Not Addressed
Publish five-yearly climate report for British Antarctic Territory and South Atlantic territories.
Recommendation
The British Antarctic Territory and South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands are among the UK Overseas Territories most exposed to climate change. Yet regular, integrated reporting of their environmental status is lacking. We recommend that the British Antarctic Survey …
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Government Response Summary
The government's response details existing reporting by SCAR and strategic objectives related to environmental protection, but does not commit to the specific recommendation for BAS to publish a new five-yearly climate report for the British Antarctic Territory.
19
Accepted
Strengthen domestic climate and nature policies to meet legally binding targets.
Recommendation
We recommend that the Government strengthen its domestic climate and nature policies to meet its legally binding targets. Achieving these targets is crucial for making a fair and proportionate contribution to global emissions reduction efforts and for lending authority to …
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Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation, affirming its commitment to the Paris Agreement, its 2035 Nationally Determined Contribution, and the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity framework, stating it will continue to accelerate the transition to net zero and champion biodiversity efforts.
20
Acknowledged
Advocate for including Antarctic climate science in UNFCCC COP and stronger global emissions cuts.
Recommendation
The UK must continue to take a leading role within the Antarctic Treaty System and the UN’s COP process to strengthen global efforts to mitigate climate change, particularly in reducing carbon emissions. The Government should advocate for the inclusion of …
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Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation but does not specify how it will advocate for the inclusion of Antarctic climate science in COP negotiations or push for stronger global action on carbon emissions.
23
Acknowledged
Articulate UK position on geoengineering in Antarctica and develop precautionary governance measures.
Recommendation
The Government should clearly articulate its position on geoengineering in Antarctica and lead efforts to develop precautionary governance measures under the Antarctic Treaty System, ensuring that any future discussions on geoengineering uphold the Treaty’s core principles of environmental protection and …
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Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation but does not outline specific measures to articulate its position on geoengineering or lead efforts to develop precautionary governance measures under the Antarctic Treaty System.
26
Accepted in Part
Increase long-term funding for British Antarctic Survey terrestrial biodiversity research and ecological specialists.
Recommendation
To address this urgent gap, the Government should increase long-term core funding to the British Antarctic Survey to support its terrestrial biodiversity research. Investment should prioritise the recruitment, training, and retention of ecological specialists, ensuring sustained expertise in Antarctic terrestrial …
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Government Response Summary
The government partially accepts, explaining that Antarctic research priorities have evolved beyond traditional terrestrial ecosystems and that funding for talented researchers and competitive project grants is available through existing mechanisms like UKRI and NERC, but does not commit to increasing *core* funding specifically for BAS's terrestrial biodiversity research.
27
Accepted
Ensure comprehensive biosecurity facilities and protocols across UK Antarctic operations and supply chain.
Recommendation
Biosecurity must continue to be a central pillar of UK Antarctic operations. The Government should ensure biosecurity facilities and protocols are in place across the BAS supply chain, including at key gateway ports such as Punta Arenas and the Falkland …
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Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation, agreeing that biosecurity is critical and detailing existing measures such as BAS Biosecurity Regulations, biosecurity information in UK permits, encouragement of the IMO Ballast Water Convention, and a BAS horizon scan for marine species.
28
Accepted
Safeguard the Blue Belt Programme's long-term future with sustained funding for science and enforcement.
Recommendation
The Government should safeguard the long-term future of the Blue Belt Programme by committing to sustained funding through the Official Development Assistance budget or alternative mechanisms. Particular focus should be given to supporting science, monitoring, and enforcement in the South …
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Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation, committing to safeguard the long-term future of the Blue Belt Programme by providing sustained funding for marine protection and sustainable management to both ODA and non-ODA eligible territories.
30
Deferred
Strengthen UK Antarctic Strategy to prioritise ASPAs, emperor penguins, and plastic pollution mitigation.
Recommendation
This should be reflected in the UK Antarctic Strategy with particular regard to: • Antarctic Specially Protected Areas (ASPAs): The Government should continue to advocate for a representative and well-connected network of ASPAs, underpinned by the latest ecological and climate …
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Government Response Summary
The Government intends to publish an Antarctic strategy before the end of the year and will take the Committee’s report and recommendations into consideration when producing the strategy.
33
Accepted
Promote pragmatic, compromise-based approach for interim conservation measures at CCAMLR.
Recommendation
The UK should work to prevent a recurrence of this regulatory stalemate. In recognition of the challenges of achieving unanimity, the Government should promote a pragmatic, compromise-based approach that enables interim conservation measures to be adopted while longer-term agreements are …
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Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation and states it is actively working to prevent regulatory stalemate by advocating for improvements to CCAMLR's decision-making process and pragmatic, compromise-based solutions to enable conservation measures.
34
Acknowledged
Support precautionary krill fishery management strategy with stricter spatial and temporal regulation.
Recommendation
The Government must also continue to support the adoption of a precautionary krill fishery management strategy, which remains essential to protect marine ecosystems in Antarctica. Scientific evidence underpins the need for stricter spatial and temporal management, especially in ecologically sensitive …
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Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation to support a precautionary krill fishery management strategy and strengthen regulation, but does not provide specific actions or plans for implementation.
36
Accepted
Intensify diplomatic engagement to unblock MPA proposals and strengthen coordination among CCAMLR members.
Recommendation
The Government should intensify its diplomatic engagement, using both bilateral and multilateral channels to address the concerns of China and Russia and to highlight the global and regional benefits of marine protection. It should also strengthen coordination with like-minded CCAMLR …
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Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation, stating it is actively working with like-minded members, including through bilateral engagements, to secure support for marine protection measures and advocate for improvements to CCAMLR's decision-making process.
38
Accepted
Advocate procedural changes within CCAMLR to reduce single nation veto over conservation measures.
Recommendation
The Government should advocate procedural changes within CCAMLR, such as time-limited objections or consensus-building mechanisms, to reduce the ability of a single nation to exercise an indefinite veto over conservation measures. (Recommendation, Paragraph 182)
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Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation, stating it is actively working to increase the efficiency of CCAMLR and advocating for improvements to its decision-making process to enable conservation measures.
40
Acknowledged
Maintain robust oversight and collaboration among Treaty parties to ensure strict Protocol adherence.
Recommendation
It is crucial that the international community acts decisively to ensure that any attempts to bypass or erode the Protocol’s safeguards are promptly thwarted. We recommend that the UK and other Antarctic Treaty parties maintain robust oversight and collaboration to …
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Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation for robust oversight, collaboration, continuous monitoring, and transparent reporting to ensure adherence to the Protocol, but provides no specific details on these measures.
41
Accepted
Engage allies to press Russia to reaffirm mining ban and provide seismic survey data.
Recommendation
The Government should actively engage with allies during Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings to press Russia to reaffirm its commitment to the Protocol’s mining prohibition. Additionally, Russia should be encouraged to provide comprehensive data on its seismic surveys in accordance with …
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Government Response Summary
The government accepted the recommendation and committed to actively engage with allies to press Russia to reaffirm its commitment to the Antarctic Protocol's mining prohibition and provide comprehensive data on its seismic surveys.
42
Acknowledged
Articulate clear measures in Antarctic strategy to reinforce UK's role safeguarding Treaty provisions.
Recommendation
Furthermore, we recommend that the Government articulate clear measures in its forthcoming Antarctic strategy to reinforce the UK’s role in safeguarding the Treaty’s provisions. This should include enhanced diplomatic engagement, strengthened environmental monitoring mechanisms, and collaboration with international partners to …
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Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation to articulate clear measures in its forthcoming Antarctic strategy, including enhanced diplomatic engagement and strengthened environmental monitoring, but offers no specific details on these measures.
45
Acknowledged
Foster international collaboration and stakeholder engagement by building consensus among Antarctic Treaty Parties.
Recommendation
The Government should actively foster international collaboration and stakeholder engagement by building consensus among Treaty Parties. As a trusted and experienced actor, the UK could play a pivotal role in Antarctic Treaty forums, facilitating dialogue to align visitor management practices …
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Government Response Summary
The government simply noted the recommendation without committing to any specific actions or changes regarding international collaboration in Antarctic Treaty forums.
50
Acknowledged
Advocate for a treaty-wide system within ATCM limiting Antarctic landings and sensitive site access.
Recommendation
A comprehensive and coherent framework for managing the environmental impacts of tourism is overdue. We welcome the decision by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting to develop such a framework by 2028. The Government should actively advocate within the ATCM for …
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Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation to actively advocate within the ATCM for a treaty-wide system with specific limits on tourism, but offers no details on its advocacy strategy or timeline.
53
Accepted
Advocate for harmonising permitting processes among Antarctic treaty parties, preventing circumvention of national restrictions.
Recommendation
The Government should advocate for the harmonisation of permitting processes among treaty parties, preventing operators from circumventing national restrictions by seeking approval from multiple authorities would enhance regulatory coherence and close potential loopholes in environmental oversight. (Recommendation, Paragraph 227)
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Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation, committing to continue bringing permitting matters to the attention of Treaty Parties, sharing best practice, and raising awareness about operators seeking authorisation from multiple National Competent Authorities.
57
Accepted
Outline how Antarctic Infrastructure Modernisation Project opportunities can be maximised for climate understanding.
Recommendation
We commend Government investment in polar infrastructure, which strengthens UK research capabilities. We nevertheless note that the capital expenditure has yet to translate into measurable scientific outcomes. Given the unparalleled logistical gateway and facilities provided by the Antarctic Infrastructure Modernisation …
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Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation, confirming that the forthcoming Antarctic strategy will outline how the Antarctic Infrastructure Modernisation Project's opportunities will be maximised to advance vital climate change research.
58
Acknowledged
Establish long-term monitoring to assess scientific impact of Antarctic infrastructure upgrades.
Recommendation
To quantify the value for money and scientific impact of the Antarctic Infrastructure Modernisation Project, we recommend that the Natural Environment Research Council establish long-term monitoring to assess the effects of infrastructure upgrades. This should focus on key metrics, such …
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Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation for NERC to establish long-term monitoring and publish a report on the Antarctic Infrastructure Modernisation Project outcomes, but provides no specific details or timelines.
60
Acknowledged
Establish dedicated long-term funding mechanisms for transformative Antarctic research projects.
Recommendation
We recommend that the Natural Environment Research Council and UK Research and Innovation establish dedicated funding mechanisms to support transformative Antarctic research, with substantial time commitments extending to at least ten years for large-scale projects. The current reliance on short-term …
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Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation for NERC and UKRI to establish dedicated, long-term funding mechanisms for transformative Antarctic research but offers no specific plans for implementation.
61
Acknowledged
Increase funding envelope to cover 20% grant cost gap for British Antarctic Survey.
Recommendation
We note that the British Antarctic Survey (BAS), in common with other UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) research institutes, currently receives only 80% of its grant costs, compared to universities which receive full funding based on the Full Economic Cost …
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Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation for NERC and UKRI to increase BAS's funding to cover 100% of grant costs without reducing other research support, but provides no specific commitment or timeline.
63
Acknowledged
Prioritise enhancing scientists' access to advanced autonomous and remote sensing technologies.
Recommendation
Recognising the evolving landscape of Antarctic science and the growing significance of advanced technologies, we recommend that the Government prioritise enhancing scientists’ access to cutting-edge tools such as autonomous vehicles, sensors, and robotic data collection systems. The expanded use of …
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Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation to prioritise enhancing scientists' access to advanced technologies and for NERC to increase investment in remote sensing and autonomous systems, but offers no specific plans or funding commitments.
65
Acknowledged
Invest in targeted training and career development for early career Antarctic researchers.
Recommendation
Given the disruptions caused by COVID-19 and delays due to the Antarctic Infrastructure Modernisation Programme, many early career researchers missed vital fieldwork opportunities, which has hindered their development and leadership potential in Antarctic research. To support both the growth of …
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Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation for targeted investments in training and career development for early career researchers, including fieldwork, mentorship, and grants, but gives no specific details on how this will be implemented.
67
Accepted in Part
Expand reciprocal polar research partnerships with key nations to strengthen leadership.
Recommendation
Given the demonstrated success of bilateral funding agreements, such as those between UKRI-NERC and partners in the US, Brazil, Luxembourg, and Norway, we recommend that the Government work with the Natural Environment Research Council to expand these reciprocal arrangements. In …
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Government Response Summary
The government partially accepts the recommendation, noting existing strong partnerships with some listed nations (Australia, Germany, Sweden) and opportunities through Horizon Europe, but acknowledges that partnerships with South Korea and New Zealand are less developed.
68
Accepted
Strengthen NERC's support for multilateral research by coordinating international funding more effectively.
Recommendation
We further recommend that the Natural Environment Research Council strengthen its successful support for multilateral research initiatives by developing mechanisms to coordinate international funding more effectively. This includes reducing the burden of “double jeopardy” where researchers must apply for and …
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Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation, stating that NERC already supports multilateral research initiatives and reduces 'double jeopardy' through existing mechanisms like the Belmont Forum and Horizon Europe, which employ harmonised processes including shared peer review and grant rounds.
69
Accepted in Part
Establish long-term funding for Antarctica InSync to ensure UK participation and leadership.
Recommendation
We recognise the importance of the Antarctica InSync programme, where 26 nations will collaborate during the 2028–29 Antarctic season to conduct synchronous climate measurements across land, sea, air, and space, with results presented during the International Polar Year in 2032–33. …
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Government Response Summary
The government partially accepts the recommendation, stating NERC is considering how the UK can best participate in Antarctica InSync. They highlight that NERC research institutes like BAS already receive long-term funding, suggesting existing mechanisms support some elements, but they do not commit to establishing new long-term funding mechanisms specifically for the project itself.
Conclusions (40)
1
Conclusion
Acknowledged
The United Kingdom has a long-standing presence in Antarctica, underpinned by its historical exploration, scientific leadership, and commitment to international cooperation. Through its active role in the Antarctic Treaty System and ongoing scientific research, the UK continues to contribute to the peaceful and sustainable management of the region. (Conclusion, Paragraph …
Government Response Summary
The government accepts the committee's conclusion (labelled as recommendation) that the UK has a significant presence in Antarctica and contributes to its management, but provides no further substance.
2
Conclusion
Accepted
We welcome the former Minister’s announcement that the Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office is developing an Antarctic Strategy to define the UK’s interests and ambitions in the region. A publicly available strategy will enhance transparency of the UK’s interests in Antarctica, and promote greater parliamentary interest and debate on Antarctic …
Government Response Summary
The government accepts this conclusion and commits to publishing an Antarctic strategy before the end of the year, taking the committee’s report and recommendations into consideration during its production.
6
Conclusion
Acknowledged
The Antarctic Treaty System remains a model of international cooperation and the primary forum for environmental protection in Antarctica. The UK must continue to engage constructively within this framework to support peaceful collaboration and uphold the principles of the Treaty. (Conclusion, Paragraph 70)
Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation but provides no specific details on how it will continue to engage constructively within the Antarctic Treaty System to support peaceful collaboration.
7
Conclusion
Acknowledged
The Russian invasion of Ukraine has disrupted the consensus-based operation of the Antarctic Treaty System, complicating international cooperation. While the Antarctic Treaty System has largely insulated Antarctica from geopolitical tensions, they clearly have an effect. (Conclusion, Paragraph 71)
Government Response Summary
The government acknowledges the committee's observation regarding geopolitical tensions affecting the Antarctic Treaty System. It states it will continue to advocate for science-based solutions and encourage consensus among Treaty Parties.
10
Conclusion
Acknowledged
Maintaining a rigorous inspection regime is essential for upholding the Antarctic Treaty System’s environmental and scientific standards. Current concerns highlight the need for active engagement in strengthening these mechanisms so that mutual confidence is ensured. (Conclusion, Paragraph 74) 95
Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation but provides no specific details on how it will actively engage to strengthen the Antarctic Treaty System's inspection regime.
12
Conclusion
Accepted
Antarctica is warming at a rate up to twice that of the global average, disrupting its ecosystems, ocean dynamics, atmospheric processes, and ice systems. Despite its crucial role in regulating Earth’s heat balance and influencing global climate, the continent remains under-observed. The far-reaching implications of climate change in Antarctica necessitate …
Government Response Summary
The government partially accepts this conclusion, highlighting ongoing polar research collaborations like the International Thwaites Glacier Collaboration and British Antarctic Survey's strategic science themes. These initiatives provide fundamental data and knowledge for improving sea level models and understanding climate change impacts, aiming to address the need for sustained action and observation.
14
Conclusion
Accepted in Part
The accelerated melting of Antarctic ice is becoming one of the most significant drivers of global sea level rise, which poses an increasing threat to coastal communities worldwide, including in the UK. To enhance the accuracy of sea level rise projections and develop more effective climate adaptation and risk management …
Government Response Summary
The government partially accepts, acknowledging the importance of research and existing efforts, but states that any significant expansion of Antarctic research would depend on future budget allocations and other R&D priorities.
16
Conclusion
Accepted
Evidence presented during the course of this inquiry highlights the critical importance of limiting global warming to 1.5°C. Achieving this target is essential for preventing further destabilisation of Antarctica’s ice sheets and glaciers, which are already experiencing significant changes due to rising temperatures. Maintaining this limit is key to safeguarding …
Government Response Summary
The government accepts this conclusion, affirming its full commitment to the Paris Agreement's 1.5°C target and outlining ongoing efforts, including accelerating the transition to net zero through initiatives like the Global Clean Power Alliance and delivering on its 2035 Nationally Determined Contribution target.
17
Conclusion
Acknowledged
These environmental changes are accelerating and have global consequences for climate stability and biodiversity. While the Antarctic Treaty System provides important protections, it cannot address climate change and biodiversity loss in isolation. Antarctica’s scientific and environmental significance must be better integrated into international climate and nature negotiations. The UK has …
Government Response Summary
The government accepts this conclusion, articulating its view on the necessary outcomes for UNFCCC COP30 regarding climate action. It also highlights existing commitments from Antarctic Treaty Parties to share climate change research and confirms the UK's ongoing commitment and past participation in global forums to communicate the threat and implications of climate change for Antarctica.
18
Conclusion
Accepted
To safeguard Antarctica’s environment, it is crucial to integrate Antarctic research and preservation into broader international climate strategies. Rising sea levels, driven by climate change in Antarctica, pose an existential risk to the UK, making it imperative to act now to protect both the Antarctic ecosystem and the UK’s coastlines. …
Government Response Summary
The government partially accepts this conclusion, highlighting ongoing polar research collaborations like the International Thwaites Glacier Collaboration and British Antarctic Survey's strategic science themes, which aim to understand ice loss and improve sea level models. It also mentions the Marine Climate Change Impacts Partnership (MCCIP) as a means of improving understanding of climate change impacts relevant to UK coastlines.
21
Conclusion
Accepted
Geoengineering proposals which seek engineered approaches to avert or mitigate the effects of climate change in polar regions appear to us to be impractical owing to high costs, technical challenges, and environmental risks. Relying on such interventions rather than seeking to address the causes of Antarctic ice loss risks delay …
Government Response Summary
The government accepts this conclusion, stating it is not in favour of Solar Radiation Management (SRM) and has no plans to deploy it. It also highlights ongoing international work to address geoengineering research and governance challenges, including discussions at the ATCM which confirmed serious concerns and the need for a precautionary approach.
22
Conclusion
Accepted
We strongly recommend that the Government firmly prioritise decarbonisation as the most effective, affordable, and sustainable response to climate change in Antarctica. Ministers should use international fora, including the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting and the UNFCCC COP process, to advocate for rapid emissions cuts and the protection of fragile polar …
Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation, agreeing that decarbonisation is fundamental and detailing British Antarctic Survey's net-zero by 2040 commitment through specific initiatives like HVO fuel, renewable energy, and AI. It also notes efforts to advocate for decarbonisation in international fora like the ATCM and UNFCCC.
24
Conclusion
Accepted
The accelerating environmental changes in Antarctica, driven by climate change, sea ice loss, and increasing human activity, are having serious and compounding impacts on the continent’s biodiversity. These changes demand urgent, science led responses. (Conclusion, Paragraph 141)
Government Response Summary
The government partially accepts, explaining that current Antarctic research priorities and existing funding through UKRI and the National Academies, including over £900m allocated for 2025/26, are already focused on understanding biodiversity changes and other impacts of climate change.
25
Conclusion
Acknowledged
We are concerned that the decline in UK based terrestrial biodiversity research capacity is significantly weakening the UK’s ability to monitor, understand, and respond to ecological changes in Antarctica. This loss of expertise risks undermining both the UK’s scientific leadership and its ability to meet its environmental responsibilities under the …
Government Response Summary
The government accepts the conclusion acknowledging concern about the decline in UK terrestrial biodiversity research capacity but does not state specific actions to address this weakening ability.
29
Conclusion
Acknowledged
The UK should play a more active leadership role in promoting Antarctic biodiversity protection at the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. (Conclusion, Paragraph 146)
Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation to play a more active leadership role in promoting Antarctic biodiversity protection but provides no specific details on how it will achieve this.
31
Conclusion
Acknowledged
Receding sea ice levels will make Antarctica more accessible for longer periods, enabling greater exploitation of fisheries. We are concerned that certain fisheries in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean risk being overexploited, disrupting the marine food web, and damaging global ocean health. Krill depletion affects species populations across ecosystems and …
Government Response Summary
The government partially accepts the conclusion regarding concerns about overexploited fisheries and the need for stronger protections, without specifying reasons for partial acceptance or detailing any specific actions.
32
Conclusion
Accepted
The failure of negotiations at CCAMLR in 2024 exposed significant vulnerabilities in the governance of Southern Ocean fisheries. As diminishing sea ice makes Antarctica more accessible, effective regulation, particularly of krill fishing, is becoming increasingly urgent. CCAMLR’s consensus-based decision-making has proven inadequate in moments of political tension, undermining its ability …
Government Response Summary
The government accepts the conclusion's findings regarding the vulnerabilities in CCAMLR governance and states it is actively advocating for Marine Protected Areas and improvements to CCAMLR's decision-making process to prevent future deadlock.
35
Conclusion
Accepted
The need to establish new Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) has become increasingly urgent, as pressures from fishing, tourism, research activity, and climate change intensify. Proposals for MPAs in East Antarctica, the Weddell Sea, and the Antarctic Peninsula have repeatedly been blocked by China and Russia, despite strong scientific backing and …
Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation and states it is making the establishment of new Marine Protected Areas a diplomatic priority, actively working with like-minded members and engaging bilaterally with China and Russia to garner support for their adoption.
37
Conclusion
Acknowledged
Trust-building through collaborative science may help pave the way for consensus. The UK should champion joint scientific initiatives, particularly involving Chinese and Russian researchers, to demonstrate the ecological significance of proposed Marine Protected Areas and reduce political resistance to conservation measures. (Recommendation, Paragraph 181)
Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation to champion joint scientific initiatives, including with Chinese and Russian researchers, but does not detail specific plans for these collaborations.
39
Conclusion
Acknowledged
Antarctica’s potential reserves of commercial mineral resources, including oil, coal, and iron ore, present a risk of future conflicts and environmental harm. While the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty enforces an indefinite mining ban, recent reports of Russian seismic surveys in Antarctic waters raise concerns that prospecting …
Government Response Summary
The government accepts the conclusion regarding the risks posed by potential mineral exploitation and concerns about possible breaches of the mining ban, but does not outline specific actions it will take in response.
43
Conclusion
Accepted
The UK’s efforts in steering a framework for sustainable management of tourism in Antarctica are commendable and helpful in ensuring the long- term viability of tourism activities. (Conclusion, Paragraph 210)
Government Response Summary
The government accepts the commendation, outlining its consistent advocacy for a robust regulatory framework for Antarctic tourism, including dynamic site management and visitor number limitations, and leading by example with rigorous environmental scrutiny.
44
Conclusion
Acknowledged
The UK should strengthen its leadership role in promoting a coordinated, treaty-wide framework for sustainable tourism management in Antarctica. Drawing on its well-regarded permitting regime and experience in environmental oversight, the UK is well positioned to champion more rigorous environmental impact assessments and advocate for consistent, high standards across all …
Government Response Summary
The government partially accepted the recommendation, indicating some agreement with strengthening the UK's leadership role in sustainable Antarctic tourism management but without specifying what actions it will take.
46
Conclusion
Accepted
The UK should lead by example through continued refinement of its own permitting processes, ensuring thorough environmental scrutiny, transparent reporting, and dynamic site management approaches. It should also support the development of a strategic framework for assessing site capacity and limiting visitor numbers at sensitive landing sites. (Recommendation, Paragraph 213)
Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation, stating it leads by example through rigorous environmental scrutiny and transparent reporting, and consistently advocates for a robust regulatory framework for Antarctic tourism, including a strategic framework for dynamic site management and limiting visitor numbers.
47
Conclusion
Accepted
Tourism in Antarctica can have positive outcomes, including enhancing public understanding of environmental and scientific issues and fostering a community of informed ambassadors for polar conservation. However, these benefits depend on effective governance. To minimise environmental risks and support small-scale scientific operations, visitor numbers and activities must be carefully regulated. …
Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation, detailing its consistent advocacy for a robust, comprehensive, and enforceable regulatory framework for Antarctic tourism, including strategic frameworks for dynamic site management and limiting visitor numbers based on scientific evidence.
48
Conclusion
Acknowledged
The tourism sector has historically relied on self-regulation through bodies such as the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators. While this has helped establish high operational standards, increasing tourist numbers and the emergence of non-member operators now challenge the effectiveness of this model. A more robust, proactive regulatory approach is …
Government Response Summary
The government accepts the conclusion that a more robust regulatory approach is required for Antarctica tourism to safeguard environmental integrity but provides no specific actions.
49
Conclusion
Accepted
To protect Antarctica’s fragile ecosystems and ensure tourism supports environmental and scientific priorities, a consistent, science-led approach to managing visitor access is essential. The UK Government should advocate for a clear and enforceable regime that ensures each visit contributes meaningfully to conservation and education. (Recommendation, Paragraph 223)
Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation, stating it consistently advocates for a robust, comprehensive, and enforceable regulatory framework for Antarctic tourism, including a strategic framework for dynamic site management and limitations on visitor numbers.
51
Conclusion
Acknowledged
Long-term, systematic monitoring of visitor activities is vital to assess the cumulative impact of tourism. The UK should promote the establishment of a coordinated monitoring programme across the Antarctic Treaty System. Data gathered should underpin adaptive management strategies, including the possibility of introducing caps on tourist numbers or restricting access …
Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation for the UK to promote a coordinated monitoring programme across the Antarctic Treaty System, but provides no specific actions or timelines for this promotion.
52
Conclusion
Acknowledged
The UK should encourage all Parties to the Antarctic Treaty System to ratify unimplemented measures critical to tourism regulation, including Measure 4 (2004) on insurance and contingency planning, and Measure 15 (2009) on landings. Their adoption would significantly strengthen the regulatory framework and ensure greater consistency across operators. (Recommendation, Paragraph …
Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation to encourage other Antarctic Treaty Parties to ratify critical unimplemented measures for tourism regulation, but does not detail how it plans to do so.
54
Conclusion
Acknowledged
Stronger enforcement mechanisms are necessary to address non- compliance. The UK should advocate for enforceable sanctions within the Antarctic Treaty System framework to deter breaches of permit conditions and ensure that tourism is conducted responsibly and in line with international standards. (Recommendation, Paragraph 228) UK scientific research in Antarctica
Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation for the UK to advocate for enforceable sanctions within the Antarctic Treaty System framework but provides no specific plans on how it will achieve this.
55
Conclusion
Acknowledged
A full understanding of Antarctica is critical to the development of climate change knowledge, as conditions below the 60th parallel influence global weather patterns, ocean circulation, and sea-level rise. The UK, a leader in 103 Antarctic science, contributes around 15% of global research on the region and ranks third worldwide …
Government Response Summary
The government accepts the conclusion that understanding Antarctica is critical for climate change knowledge and that maintaining UK leadership in polar science is essential, without committing to new actions.
56
Conclusion
Acknowledged
Continued investment and international collaboration will be essential for maintaining the UK’s leading role in Antarctic research. By addressing infrastructure challenges and leveraging its scientific expertise, the UK can further its contributions to understanding and mitigating the effects of climate change and environmental change in Antarctica. (Conclusion, Paragraph 246)
Government Response Summary
The government accepts the conclusion that continued investment and international collaboration are essential for the UK's leading role in Antarctic research but provides no specific new commitments.
59
Conclusion
Accepted in Part
The UK must be properly equipped to address the major research priorities in the polar regions. Antarctic research plays a critical role in advancing global understanding of climate change, ocean systems, and polar ecosystems, issues that affect lives and economies far beyond the region. Despite the UK’s world-leading capabilities, the …
Government Response Summary
The government partially accepts this conclusion, noting it has published guidance for awarding ten-year R&D funding to provide certainty to research organizations. It also highlights significant ongoing investments in Antarctic research and infrastructure by UKRI and NERC, including around £60 million annually for interdisciplinary research and additional competitive funding.
62
Conclusion
Acknowledged
As infrastructure projects near completion, the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) and Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) should implement a long-term strategy to maximise fieldwork opportunities, ensuring fair and efficient access for researchers. This should include improved scheduling, better logistical coordination, and contingency plans to prevent future disruptions. (Recommendation, Paragraph 269)
Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation to implement a long-term strategy for maximising fieldwork opportunities, but provides no specific actions, timelines, or details on how this will be achieved.
64
Conclusion
Acknowledged
The UK Government should secure long-term access to high-quality satellite data by maintaining participation in European programmes beyond 2027 and expanding data-sharing agreements. Additionally, funding mechanisms 105 should be established to support researchers in accessing commercial satellite imagery, ensuring equitable use of remote sensing technology in Antarctic research. (Recommendation, Paragraph …
Government Response Summary
The government accepts the recommendation to secure long-term access to satellite data and establish funding mechanisms for commercial satellite imagery, without detailing specific actions or timelines.
66
Conclusion
Acknowledged
The UK’s strength in polar science reflects its ability to lead and influence at both national and international levels. Through collaborative research and reciprocal partnerships, the UK has advanced global scientific understanding while reinforcing its reputation for excellence in innovation and logistics. (Conclusion, Paragraph 281)
Government Response Summary
The government partially accepts this conclusion, detailing existing successful bilateral funding agreements and international partnerships through UKRI-NERC, including substantial collaborations with Australia, Germany, and Sweden. It also notes less developed partnerships with South Korea and New Zealand and highlights new opportunities via Horizon Europe.
70
Conclusion
Acknowledged
The RRS Sir David Attenborough is an exceptional research vessel, offering world-class facilities that are crucial for advancing polar marine science. Its capabilities significantly enhance the UK’s ability to conduct cutting-edge research in both the Arctic and Antarctic, positioning it as a key asset in marine science. (Conclusion, Paragraph 293)
Government Response Summary
The government partially accepts the committee's conclusion that the RRS Sir David Attenborough is an exceptional research vessel, without further elaboration.
71
Conclusion
Accepted in Part
We have heard strong concerns from the Antarctic research community about the Natural Environment Research Council’s (NERC) shift to a “one ship plus” model and the reduction of the research fleet from two vessels to one. This has already led to substantial delays to Antarctic marine research projects, and we …
Government Response Summary
The government partially accepts the recommendation, defending the RRS Sir David Attenborough's operating model which uses its increased capacity for both scientific and logistical activities efficiently. They state that the UK already uses a flexible approach, including chartering other vessels, but affirm the SDA's dual role rather than committing to prioritise its use solely for dedicated research.
72
Conclusion
Accepted in Part
By 2030, the Natural Environment Research Council should conduct a comprehensive review of the “single vessel plus” policy, evaluating its impact on Antarctic and Arctic marine science, particularly regarding the delays to approved research projects. The review should focus on optimising the use of the RRS Sir David Attenborough, assessing …
Government Response Summary
The government partially accepts, detailing existing annual and long-term review frameworks (like the Cruise Programme Review Group, CPEB, and BAS forward looks) that already address aspects of science delivery, scheduling, resource allocation, and alternative vessels. They do not commit to a new comprehensive review of the 'single vessel plus' policy by 2030 as specifically recommended, but rely on these ongoing processes.
73
Conclusion
Acknowledged
HMS Protector should be utilised more effectively to support the logistical needs of Antarctic research bases, similar to the role of US military and Coast Guard support for US stations. This could allow the RRS Sir David Attenborough to focus on scientific research, improving the overall productivity of Antarctic missions. …
Government Response Summary
The government notes the recommendation to utilise HMS Protector more effectively for logistical support and enhance collaboration between the Ministry of Defence and the British Antarctic Survey, but commits to no specific action.
74
Conclusion
Acknowledged
Additionally, HMS Protector’s role in logistics should be expanded, by upgrading her sensor systems with potential for collecting valuable data such as sea ice observations and oceanographic data. The Ministry of Defence should consult experts on expanding its onboard sensor capabilities and consider equipping Protector with a helicopter to increase …
Government Response Summary
The government partially accepts the recommendations to expand HMS Protector's logistical role, upgrade its sensor systems, and consider equipping it with a helicopter, but provides no specific details on which parts are accepted or what actions will be taken.