Select Committee · Foreign Affairs Committee

Disinformation diplomacy: How malign actors are seeking to undermine democracy

Status: Open Opened: 15 Jan 2025 33 recommendations 22 conclusions 1 report

Misinformation and disinformation campaigns are increasingly weaponised by hostile state and non-state actors and this inquiry will seek to understand which actors are primarily responsible, and which channels and technologies are being used. It will seek to map motivations, sources and locations of the most pressing disinformation threats to democracy, and to understand the impact … Show more

Clear

Reports

1 report
Title HC No. Published Items Response
4th Report - Disinformation diplomacy: How malign actors ar… HC 703 27 Mar 2026 55 Responded

Recommendations & Conclusions

15 items
12 Recommendation 4th Report - Disinformation diplomacy: … Accepted in Part

The Government should provide greater clarity on the progress made in implementing the One Hundred...

The Government should provide greater clarity on the progress made in implementing the One Hundred Year Partnership Agreement between the UK and Ukraine, including specific information on the operation and intent of Article 7, combatting foreign information manipulation and interference. It should also set out what discussions, if any, have … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government commits to providing a verbal briefing session to the Committee on its international approach to countering foreign information manipulation and interference, which partially addresses the request for clarity on the UK-Ukraine Partnership Agreement.
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Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office
28 Recommendation 4th Report - Disinformation diplomacy: … Accepted in Part

Given the importance of combatting foreign information manipulation and interference, it is unacceptable that the...

Given the importance of combatting foreign information manipulation and interference, it is unacceptable that the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office is presently under-resourced. The Government should immediately rectify this by utilising the funds associated with the defence uplift to increase funding and staffing within the newly formed Hybrid Threats Directorate. … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government partially agrees with the importance of the issue, stating that it has ensured existing allocations target hybrid threats, and confirms the Hybrid Threats Directorate has been allocated a non-ODA budget for the current spending review period to enable effective action.
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Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office
29 Conclusion 4th Report - Disinformation diplomacy: … Accepted in Part

The need for media freedoms is greater today than it has been at any previous...

The need for media freedoms is greater today than it has been at any previous time. Limits are increasingly being placed on journalists which in turn endangers liberty. As funding for independent media organisations like the BBC World Service and Radio Free Europe are reduced, it is imperative that the … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government partially agrees, reiterating its commitment to media freedom and outlining steps such as co-chairing the Media Freedom Coalition and a new approach to Africa, while also highlighting actions like sanctions to disrupt information networks.
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Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office
30 Conclusion 4th Report - Disinformation diplomacy: … Accepted in Part

The Committee welcomes the announcement that the UK Government will become the new co-Chair of...

The Committee welcomes the announcement that the UK Government will become the new co-Chair of the Media Freedom Coalition in March 2026, following this Committee’s suggestion to Ministers. This indicates that the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office are serious about protecting media freedoms. However, under previous Governments, the 88 Foreign, … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government partially agrees, recognising the importance of updates on media freedoms and committing to periodic verbal briefing sessions for the Committee while reviewing options for formal written reporting, in response to the cessation of previous updates.
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Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office
31 Recommendation 4th Report - Disinformation diplomacy: … Accepted in Part

To show its continued commitment to media freedoms, the Government should again provide to the...

To show its continued commitment to media freedoms, the Government should again provide to the Committee six-monthly updates, including an assessment of threats to media freedom and the UK’s response to foreign information manipulation and interference in priority regions. (Recommendation, Paragraph 149) BBC World Service Read more

Government response AI summary
The government partially agrees, committing to periodic verbal briefings for committee members on media freedoms while reviewing options for formal written reporting, rather than the requested six-monthly updates.
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Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office
32 Recommendation 4th Report - Disinformation diplomacy: … Accepted in Part

The BBC World Service plays a critical role in providing life-saving information and updates during...

The BBC World Service plays a critical role in providing life-saving information and updates during conflict and crisis, whilst leading the global fight against disinformation and promoting democratic values. Much of the evidence received by the Committee highlights the essential role of the BBC World Service and calls on the … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government partially agrees, highlighting its increased funding for the BBC World Service to £148 million per annum. However, it notes but does not commit to further additional funding, citing defence budget rules and deferring longer-term funding considerations to the BBC Charter Review.
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Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office
33 Recommendation 4th Report - Disinformation diplomacy: … Accepted in Part

The Government must recognise that accurate, impartial news is essential to the UK’s national security...

The Government must recognise that accurate, impartial news is essential to the UK’s national security and overseas interests and should be treated by Government as a strategic national asset in an era of information warfare. At a time when the UK is reducing its Official Development Assistance and disinformation is … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government partially agrees, stating it has already increased BBC World Service funding to £148 million per annum, which it considers a real-terms uplift. However, it defers the recommendation for further increased funding drawn from the defence budget, citing stringent NATO rules and the ongoing …
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Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office
42 Recommendation 4th Report - Disinformation diplomacy: … Accepted in Part

There is an apparent lack of public awareness about disinformation campaigns from foreign malign actors.

There is an apparent lack of public awareness about disinformation campaigns from foreign malign actors. By exposing the broader public to the threat of malicious content the Government can inoculate the target audience from the threat of disinformation. Public awareness campaigns are an easily accessible method for the government to … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government partially agrees on the importance of public awareness, stating it will continue to highlight the threat via gov.uk and is considering adapting its existing "You Won’t Know Until You Ask" media literacy campaign to address foreign information manipulation and interference.
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Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office
43 Recommendation 4th Report - Disinformation diplomacy: … Accepted in Part

The government should launch a public awareness campaign to educate citizens about the risk of...

The government should launch a public awareness campaign to educate citizens about the risk of foreign information manipulation and interference. This should include the measures taken and mechanisms in place to protect 91 democratic institutions. Additionally, the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office should launch a publicly accessible information portal to … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government partially agrees, stating it will continue to highlight the threat and is already pursuing media literacy initiatives like the 'You Won't Know Until You Ask' campaign, which it is considering extending or adapting. It does not commit to launching a new dedicated information …
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Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office
45 Recommendation 4th Report - Disinformation diplomacy: … Accepted in Part

Where examples would resonate with the public, the Government and the National Security Community should...

Where examples would resonate with the public, the Government and the National Security Community should declassify information relating to foreign information manipulation and interference. In addition, the Government should provide Parliamentarians and other key stakeholders (e.g., civil society organisations and media organisations) with regular briefings on their work to combat … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government partially agrees, highlighting its track record of exposing and sanctioning actors involved in foreign information manipulation and interference (FIMI). They commit to continuing to enhance information sharing and stakeholder engagement, including briefings, and will engage with NCSC to understand best practice, while noting …
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Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office
47 Recommendation 4th Report - Disinformation diplomacy: … Accepted in Part

The Government must not overlook media literacy as part of its all-of- society approach to...

The Government must not overlook media literacy as part of its all-of- society approach to strengthening and securing the UK’s national security, including foreign information manipulation and interference from malign actors. The Government should seek to learn best practice from Baltic and Nordic countries and apply them to the UK, … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government agrees that media literacy is important and acknowledges the value of learning from Baltic and Nordic partners. It is evaluating its existing 'You Won't Know Until You Ask' campaign for children and considering options to extend or adapt it to address FIMI and …
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Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office
48 Conclusion 4th Report - Disinformation diplomacy: … Accepted in Part

Social media companies are a key component in tackling the dissemination of foreign information manipulation...

Social media companies are a key component in tackling the dissemination of foreign information manipulation and interference. It is our opinion that they are failing to tackle the threat of foreign interference on their platforms. The continued lack of algorithmic transparency by social media companies is restricting legitimate access by … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government partially agrees, acknowledging concerns about algorithms and noting Ofcom's existing powers, and commits to operationalising a legislated Researcher Access to Data Scheme through consultations and regulations later this year to provide legitimate data access to researchers.
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Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office
49 Recommendation 4th Report - Disinformation diplomacy: … Accepted in Part

The Government should require social media companies to publish algorithmic transparency data (logic and biases),...

The Government should require social media companies to publish algorithmic transparency data (logic and biases), provide legitimate data access to researchers free of charge and without cumbersome restrictions, and oblige platforms to publish an annual report on the detection of artificial amplification and foreign interference and the subsequent actions taken … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government partially agrees, noting the Online Safety Act already gives Ofcom powers to request algorithm design information. It agrees social media companies should provide legitimate data to researchers and will be consulting on how to operationalise a new Researcher Access to Data Scheme, but …
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Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office
54 Conclusion 4th Report - Disinformation diplomacy: … Accepted in Part

We are concerned about the UK’s legislative ability to withstand the kinds of threats reported...

We are concerned about the UK’s legislative ability to withstand the kinds of threats reported during elections in other countries. We therefore welcome the Government’s intention to legislate to protect the integrity of the UK’s democratic processes and institutions through the Representation of the People Bill, but it does not … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government partially agrees, acknowledging concerns about democratic protection, and details further actions it is taking or planning, including a consultation on digital replicas, an AI-generated content labelling taskforce, ongoing review of the Online Safety Act framework, and a moratorium on crypto asset political donations …
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Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office
55 Recommendation 4th Report - Disinformation diplomacy: … Accepted in Part

The Government should include provisions in the Representation of the People Bill that tackle AI-generated...

The Government should include provisions in the Representation of the People Bill that tackle AI-generated content, the creation and dissemination of disinformation, limits on the potential abuse of social media algorithmic biasing for political advantage, and a ban on cryptoasset donations to political parties. (Recommendation, Paragraph 239) 94 Read more

Government response AI summary
The government partially agrees. It will launch a consultation and establish a taskforce on AI-generated content, and acknowledges concerns about algorithms, noting the Online Safety Act's powers. However, it fully accepts and will implement a moratorium on crypto asset donations through the Representation of the …
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Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office

Oral evidence sessions

7 sessions
Date Witnesses
9 Mar 2026 Ali Law · TikTok, David Agranovich · Meta, Wifredo Fernández · X Corp. View ↗
13 Jan 2026 Ana Revenco · Moldovan Centre for Strategic Communication and Countering Disinformation, Ciaran Martin CB · National Cyber Security Centre, Vijay Rangarajan CMG · Electoral Commission View ↗
6 Jan 2026 Jonny Hall CMG OBE · Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, Stephen Doughty MP · Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office View ↗
18 Nov 2025 Alexandre Brasil · Brazilian Embassy in London, Jon Bateman · Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Nina Jankowicz · American Sunlight Project, Nishant Lalwani · International Fund for Public Interest Media, Roberta Braga · Digital Democracy Institute of the Americas View ↗
16 Sep 2025 Dr Antonio Giustozzi · Royal United Services Institute (RUSI), Dr Dani Madrid-Morales · The University of Sheffield, Grace Theodoulou · The Council on Geostrategy, James Kynge · Chatham House, Mr Andrew Yeh · China Strategic Risks Institute View ↗
1 Apr 2025 Salome Zourabichvili View ↗
11 Feb 2025 Dr Jon Roozenbeek · King's College London, Professor Martin Innes · Cardiff University, Professor Vera Tolz-Zilitinkevic · University of Manchester View ↗

Who gave evidence

22 witnesses
WitnessOrganisationSessions
Alexandre Brasil · Deputy Head of Mission Brazilian Embassy in London 1
Ali Law · Director of Public Policy for Northern Europe TikTok 1
Ana Revenco · Director Moldovan Centre for Strategic Communication and Countering Disinformation 1
Ciaran Martin CB · Founding Chief Executive National Cyber Security Centre 1
David Agranovich · Director of Global Threat Disruption Meta 1
Dr Antonio Giustozzi · Senior Research Fellow (Terrorism and Conflict) Royal United Services Institute (RUSI) 1
Dr Dani Madrid-Morales · Lecturer in Journalism and Global Communication The University of Sheffield 1
Dr Jon Roozenbeek · Lecturer in Psychology and Security King's College London 1
Grace Theodoulou · Policy Fellow (China Observatory) The Council on Geostrategy 1
James Kynge · Senior Research Fellow for China and the World Chatham House 1
Jon Bateman · Senior Fellow and Co-Director, Technology and Int… Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 1
Jonny Hall CMG OBE · Director, Hybrid Directorate Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office 1
Mr Andrew Yeh · Executive Director China Strategic Risks Institute 1
Nina Jankowicz · CEO American Sunlight Project 1
Nishant Lalwani · CEO International Fund for Public Interest Media 1
Professor Martin Innes · Director of the Security, Crime and Intelligence … Cardiff University 1
Professor Vera Tolz-Zilitinkevic · Sir William Mather Professor of Russian Studies University of Manchester 1
Roberta Braga · Founder and Executive Director Digital Democracy Institute of the Americas 1
Salome Zourabichvili 1
Stephen Doughty MP · Minister for Europe, North America and Overseas T… Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office 1
Vijay Rangarajan CMG · Chief Executive Electoral Commission 1
Wifredo Fernández · Head of Americas, Global Government Affairs X Corp. 1

Correspondence

11 letters
DateDirectionTitle
25 Feb 2026 Correspondence with Ofcom relating to disinformation, dated 17 February and 03 …
3 Feb 2026 Correspondence with the Director of Public Policy and Government Affairs at Tik…
3 Feb 2026 Correspondence with the Government Affairs Department at X relating to the disi…
3 Feb 2026 Correspondence from the Director of UK Public Policy at Meta relating to disinf…
28 Jan 2026 Correspondence with the Minister for AI and Online Safety, DSIT, relating to di…
28 Jan 2026 Correspondence with the Minister for Building Safety, Fire and Democracy, MHCLG…
28 Jan 2026 Correspondence with the Minister for Security, Home Office, and Minister of Sta…
20 Jan 2026 Correspondence from Minister Doughty following up on the oral evidence session …
14 Jan 2026 From cttee Letter to the Director of Public Policy (UK) at Meta, relating to the disinform…
14 Jan 2026 From cttee Letter to the Head of Government Affairs (UK and Ireland) at X, relating to the…
14 Jan 2026 From cttee Letter to the Director of Public Policy and Government Affairs at TikTok, relat…