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Select committee inquiry

Changing the perfect picture: an inquiry into body image

Closed

Women and Equalities Committee · Opened 26 March 2020 · Closed 4 November 2021

17 recommendations
Inquiry on parliament.uk ↗

What the inquiry looked at

“Awareness of the impact of advertising and media consumption on people’s body image has increased in recent years. Negative body image is widely perceived as solely a young women’s problem. But more recently, research has shown that this is a wider issue: Recent studies report that over a third of adults feel anxious or depressed about their body image, and nearly half (44%) want to see greater diversity in the mainstream media. NHS studies have shown that 57% of young men felt pressured by social media to look good, and 23% believed there to be a ‘perfect male body.’ The Mental Health Foundation reported in a recent study that 40% of LGBT+ adults felt shame because of their body image. 80% of disabled people surveyed by Trailblazers said that their body image has a direct impact on their mental well-being. The Women and Equalities Committee want to hear from a range of people and organisations on what causes poor body image and how people’s body image is impacted by companies, adverts, social media and Government policy. The written evidence published as part of this inquiry will be used to inform the work of the Committee. Publication of written evidence does not equate to an endorsement of the views it contains by the Committee. More information on the inquiry”

The committee's words, from the inquiry page on parliament.uk ↗.

What the government said

The government responded on 23 June 2021. The deadline was 9 June 2021.

Summary written by Accountability Index from the government's response.

The government's response sets out existing and planned action on eating disorders, online harms and advertising, but does not support scrapping calorie labelling or legislating on altered images, and states it will continue to use BMI.

  • On calorie labelling, the government has introduced legislation for large businesses with 250 or more employees, and is "committed to review the policy within 5 years of its implementation".
  • On BMI, it says PHE "will continue to advise that BMI is a useful and effective way" of considering whether someone is a healthy weight. It does not commit to a 'Health at Every Size' approach.
  • On altered images, it states: "insufficient evidence to conclude that legislation on digitally altered images would have the desired impact". It will consider ASA consultation evidence and the Online Advertising Programme.
  • On online harms, the draft Online Safety Bill was published on 12 May and is subject to pre-legislative scrutiny. The government commits to update the Committee on advertising and body image findings "in November".

Read the government's response ↗ Read the report ↗ Report an error

How the inquiry ran

Each dot is a dated item listed on this page, from the inquiry's opening on 26 March 2020 to its close on 4 November 2021. The dashed mark is the deadline Parliament records for the government's response.

  1. Oral evidence 5 sessions
  2. Report 9 Apr 2021
  3. Government response 23 Jun 2021
  4. Correspondence 7 letters

What it recommended 17 recommendations · 0 conclusions

The committee's own words. Open an item to read it in full.

1People face appearance-based discrimination on a daily basis, at work, in schools and in public...
Recommended (the committee's words)
People face appearance-based discrimination on a daily basis, at work, in schools and in public spaces. Whilst we were disappointed not to hear from the Government Equalities Office on their assessment of appearance-based discrimination, we are pleased that the Government is undertaking research on the relationship between negative body image and certain protected characteristics. Over the past 10 years, both Government and academics have produced a wealth of research and made numerous policy recommendations on how to tackle negative body image for people across the UK. Despite this, Government action in this area continues to be limited. The EHRC should produce guidance for individuals seeking to use the existing Equality Act legislation to challenge appearance-based discrimination within three months. The Government should widely promote the EHRC’s new guidance and publish the proposals resulting from its own research and update us on these within 6 months.

Addressed to Government Equalities Office

2Lockdown has undoubtedly worsened existing body image anxieties and inspired new insecurities for thousands of...
Recommended (the committee's words)
Lockdown has undoubtedly worsened existing body image anxieties and inspired new insecurities for thousands of people across the country. In particular, we are alarmed by the rapidly rising rates in eating disorders and other mental health conditions. The impact of the pandemic, both on eating disorder sufferers and those at a high risk of developing an eating disorder, has been devastating. We recommend that the Government reviews why eating disorder rates in the UK are rising. Any research undertaken must be inclusive of all groups in which eating disorder rates are rising including men, women, children, older people and BAME groups. We request that the Government respond to us with its findings and policy interventions to tackle these devastating rises within six months.

Addressed to Government Equalities Office

3Many organisations and academics have found that prevention and early intervention are likely to reduce...
Recommended (the committee's words)
Many organisations and academics have found that prevention and early intervention are likely to reduce eating disorder rates as well as hospitalisations and deaths. It is important that the alarming rise in eating disorder rates is addressed as the country reopens post-pandemic. We recommend that in the short term, the Government focuses on rapidly developing early intervention strategies for those with mental health issues related to body image, including eating disorders. Given the high mortality rates associated with eating disorders, and that eating disorder research receives just 96p per person affected annually, ringfenced funding for eating disorder research should be increased to at least £9 per person, the same amount that is spent per person on general mental health research. Funding for eating disorders must be in line with the prevalence and severity of the condition.

Addressed to Government Equalities Office

4We are hugely saddened to hear of the number of people who have faced appearance...
Recommended (the committee's words)
We are hugely saddened to hear of the number of people who have faced appearance and weight-based discrimination when accessing NHS services. There is no way to quantify the damage this has done to individuals’ mental and physical health. We are not satisfied with the use of BMI as a measurement to evaluate individual health. 42 Changing the perfect picture: an inquiry into body image It is clear that the use of BMI inspires weight stigma, contributes to eating disorders, and can damage an individual’s body image and mental health. We recommend that the Government urgently commissions research into the extent and impact of weight- based discrimination for people accessing NHS services. PHE should stop using BMI as a measure of individual health and adopt a ‘Health at Every Size’ approach within twelve months.

Addressed to Government Equalities Office

5The current Obesity Strategy is at best ineffective and at worst perpetuating unhealthy behaviours.
Recommended (the committee's words)
The current Obesity Strategy is at best ineffective and at worst perpetuating unhealthy behaviours. It is likely to be dangerous for those with negative body image, including those at risk of developing eating disorders. In the short term, we have specific concerns that calorie labelling will contribute to growth in eating disorders and disordered eating. The Government should immediately scrap its plans to for calorie labels on food in restaurants, cafes, and takeaways.

Addressed to Government Equalities Office

6We are disappointed to learn that there have been no reviews of the effectiveness of...
Recommended (the committee's words)
We are disappointed to learn that there have been no reviews of the effectiveness of the current or previous obesity strategies, and we cannot support much-criticised and unevaluated weight-loss policies. The Government must only use evidence- based policies in its Obesity Strategy. The Government should urgently commission an independent review of its Obesity Strategy to determine the evidence base for its policies within 3 months. It should publicly report the findings of this review within six months. We are disappointed to learn that there have been no reviews of the effectiveness of the current or previous obesity strategies, and we cannot support much-criticised and unevaluated weight-loss policies. The Government must only use evidence-based policies in its Obesity Strategy.

Addressed to Government Equalities Office

7Encouraging positive body image during childhood and adolescence must be a priority.
Recommended (the committee's words)
Encouraging positive body image during childhood and adolescence must be a priority. We commend the Government for introducing body image into the RSHE curriculum last year and hope this creates an opportunity for schools to address the concerns young people have about their body image. We recommend that the Department for Education regularly reviews the new RSHE curriculum to ensure that it is having a positive impact on wellbeing and decreases levels of body dissatisfaction. Additionally, the Department for Education should explore other policy initiatives to encourage schools to take a ‘whole school approach’ to encouraging positive body image.

Addressed to Government Equalities Office

8Weighing children in primary schools under the National Child Measurement Programme is likely to cause...
Recommended (the committee's words)
Weighing children in primary schools under the National Child Measurement Programme is likely to cause harm to children’s mental health and could hinder the development of a positive body image. This is particularly damaging for Black children who are more likely to be incorrectly placed in the overweight or obese categories. We recommend that the Government urgently reviews the National Child Measurement Programme to ensure it is not creating undue body image pressures in children. The Government should urgently assess the need for the programme and seek other ways to collect this data.

Addressed to Government Equalities Office

9The Committee is disappointed about the lack of diversity in adverts both on and offline.
Recommended (the committee's words)
The Committee is disappointed about the lack of diversity in adverts both on and offline. We urgently want to see more companies advertising with real images of people from a diverse range of ethnicities, abilities, sexualities, genders, body shapes and sizes. We know that advertising is a powerful driver of consumer behaviour and protecting people from adverts, which can be pervasive online, needs to be a priority if the Government wishes to reduce negative body image. We recommend that the Government works with companies and the ASA to further encourage the use of diverse and representative images of people in advertising.

Addressed to Government Equalities Office

10We commend the Government for launching a consultation on online advertising in the Spring and...
Recommended (the committee's words)
We commend the Government for launching a consultation on online advertising in the Spring and are encouraged that the ASA will be consulting on body image as well as racial stereotyping in 2021. We recommend that the Government works closely with the ASA to ensure its future work on body image is inclusive and that substantial changes are implemented after its consultation.

Addressed to Government Equalities Office

11Whilst the Committee was pleased to see that TfL has taken steps to protect Londoners...
Recommended (the committee's words)
Whilst the Committee was pleased to see that TfL has taken steps to protect Londoners from advertisements that could promote body dissatisfaction and bolster diverse advertising on their network, we were disappointed it had not been fully evaluated to properly assess the impact of their policy, both on their consumers and their advertising revenues. We recommend that the Government works with the advertising industry and TfL to consider what impact banning adverts has on protecting people from developing negative body image. It should update us within 6 months.

Addressed to Government Equalities Office

12We were pleased to hear from companies who are committed to advertising their products by...
Recommended (the committee's words)
We were pleased to hear from companies who are committed to advertising their products by using real, honest images. However, a significant number of advertisers continue to rely heavily on image editing. It is clear that the constant bombardment of editing images both on and offline is detrimental to mental health and contributes to the development of poor body image. The Government should bring forward legislation to restrict or ban the use of altered images in commercial advertising and promotion.

Addressed to Government Equalities Office

13The Committee was pleased to see some progress on the Government’s Online Harms legislation during...
Recommended (the committee's words)
The Committee was pleased to see some progress on the Government’s Online Harms legislation during our inquiry. We are of the view that any online content and activity that contributes to the proliferation of negative body image is a ‘harm’ The Online Harms Bill should be a legislative priority and the Government should inform us of its proposed timetable within two months. We recommend that harms related to body image and appearance-related bullying are included within the scope of the Online Harms legislation due to the foreseeable risk of a significant adverse physical or psychological impact on individuals who are at risk of developing negative body image.

Addressed to Government Equalities Office

14Despite the number of controls in place on social media platforms, users continuously experience content...
Recommended (the committee's words)
Despite the number of controls in place on social media platforms, users continuously experience content that, by the platforms’ own admission, shouldn’t be accessible. We 44 Changing the perfect picture: an inquiry into body image recommend that the Government should ensure that social media companies enforce their advertising rules and community guidelines and introduce strong sanctions for failing to do so, including but not limited to, significant fines.

Addressed to Government Equalities Office

15We were pleased to hear that the Government recognises the impact social media can have...
Recommended (the committee's words)
We were pleased to hear that the Government recognises the impact social media can have on body image and that it is encouraging social media companies to take more responsibility for the content on their platforms. We are also pleased that social media companies are committed to working with the Government to do more research into the relationship between social media use and body image. We recommend that the Government works closely with social media companies and academics to ensure that research on social media use and body image are up-to-date, evidence-based, and sufficiently funded.

Addressed to Government Equalities Office

16We welcome Ofcom’s role in regulating online harms and Parliament’s role in identifying harms.
Recommended (the committee's words)
We welcome Ofcom’s role in regulating online harms and Parliament’s role in identifying harms. We recommend that the Government work closely with the UKRI and Ofcom to ensure that online harms legislation sufficiently encompasses protections from harms caused by body image pressures. We also ask that the Government engages with social media companies on developing innovative solutions to protect users from body image harms encountered online, and that Ofcom works with groups at high risk of developing poor body image to ensure the new regulatory system works for them. We ask that the Government takes this recommendation into account in advance of the Online Harms Bill passing into law.

Addressed to Government Equalities Office

17Young people are particularly at risk of developing poor body image, and access to social...
Recommended (the committee's words)
Young people are particularly at risk of developing poor body image, and access to social media and other online content is linked with negative feelings about appearance. We recommend that the Government ensures that any age verification or assurance processes used by online companies are effective and protect young people from harmful content. We ask the Government to respond to us within 12 months on how effectively age controls have restricted access to harmful content for young people.

Addressed to Government Equalities Office

Evidence

Oral evidence sessions 5

  • 27 Jan 20214 witnesses: Caroline Dinenage MP, Mark Griffin, Nadine Dorries MP, Zoe Seagerparliament.uk ↗
  • 16 Dec 20203 witnesses: Alexandra Evans, Henry Turnball, Richard Earleyparliament.uk ↗
  • 2 Dec 20206 witnesses: Caroline O'Neill, Chris Macleod, Kate Dale, Kelly Byrne, Malcolm Phillips, Sophie Van Ettingerparliament.uk ↗
  • 21 Oct 20208 witnesses: Cassianne Anonymous, Catherine Deakin, Danny Bowman, Dr Antonis Kousoulis, Dr Marc Bush, Kate Roberts, Tatyana Anonymous, Zoe Palmerparliament.uk ↗
  • 23 Sep 20203 witnesses: Dr Amy Slater, Dr Francesca Solmi, Professor Clare Chambersparliament.uk ↗

Who gave evidence 24 witnesses

  • Alexandra EvansHead of Child Safety Public Policy Europe, TikTok
  • Caroline Dinenage MPMinister for Digital and Culture, Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport
  • Caroline O'NeillGeneral Manager, L’Oréal Paris (UK)
  • Cassianne AnonymousBody Image Panelist, Lived Experience
  • Catherine DeakinDirector Communications and Fundraising, Changing Faces
  • Chris MacleodCustomer and Revenue Director, Transport for London
  • Danny BowmanBody Image Panelist, Lived Experience
  • Dr Amy SlaterAssociate Professor, Centre for Appearance Research
  • Dr Antonis KousoulisDirector for England and Wales, Mental Health Foundation
  • Dr Francesca SolmiSenior Research Fellow, University College London
  • Dr Marc BushAssociate Director, YoungMinds
  • Henry TurnballHead of public policy UK & the Nordics, Snap Inc
  • Kate DaleStrategic Lead, Campaigns, Sport England
  • Kate RobertsBody Image Panelist, Lived Experience
  • Kelly ByrneCommercial Director, Nasty Gal, boohoo group
  • Malcolm PhillipsRegulatory Policy Manager, Advertising Standards Authority
  • Mark GriffinDeputy Director, Creative Economy, Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport
  • Nadine Dorries MPMinister of State for Mental Health, Suicide Prevention, and Patient Safety, Department for Health and Social Care
  • Professor Clare ChambersCouncil Member, Nuffield Council on Bioethics
  • Richard EarleyUK Public Policy Manager, Facebook Inc
  • Sophie Van EttingerGlobal Vice President, Dove
  • Tatyana AnonymousBody Image Panelist, Lived Experience
  • Zoe PalmerExternal Affairs Manager, Girlguiding UK
  • Zoe SeagerDeputy Director, Mental Health Policy and Delivery, Department of Health and Social Care

Correspondence 7 letters