Select Committee · Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs Committee

Responding to Covid-19 and the Coronavirus Act 2020

Status: Closed Opened: 15 May 2020 Closed: 9 Mar 2021 13 recommendations 11 conclusions 1 report

The Coronavirus Act 2020 was emergency legislation passed by Parliament on 25 March, to provide the Government with the powers it wanted to tackle the Covid-19 pandemic in the UK. PACAC has launched this inquiry to scrutinise the constitutional and public administration aspects of the Act, with the goal of supporting and informing that debate.

Clear

Reports

1 report
Title HC No. Published Items Response
Fourth Report - Parliamentary Scrutiny of the Government’s … HC 377 10 Sep 2020 24 Responded

Recommendations & Conclusions

13 items
1 Recommendation Fourth Report - Parliamentary Scrutiny … Accepted

The governance arrangements for responding to COVID-19 have not always been clear.

The governance arrangements for responding to COVID-19 have not always been clear. Press reports of a “quad” of Ministers making decisions in April raise questions of a parallel governance structure in addition to the formal Cabinet Committee structure. Such parallel systems risk creating silos where decisions are made without the … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government details the evolving governance structures for its COVID-19 response, including COBR, Ministerial Implementation Groups, and the later establishment of the COVID-19 Strategy and COVID-19 Operations cabinet committees, thereby setting out the requested arrangements.
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3 Recommendation Fourth Report - Parliamentary Scrutiny … Accepted

The Government’s messaging on who could continue to work was not as clear as it...

The Government’s messaging on who could continue to work was not as clear as it should have been. The closure of schools and definitions of “key workers” caused some industries to close that could have continued to operate, such as the construction industry. There should have been greater recognition within … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government states it has always made and continues to make every effort to communicate COVID-19 policy clearly and simply, citing specific public information campaigns and clear guidance provided to industries like construction.
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4 Conclusion Fourth Report - Parliamentary Scrutiny … Accepted

As a result of the timescales involved and the political situation, detailed scrutiny of the...

As a result of the timescales involved and the political situation, detailed scrutiny of the Coronavirus Bill was not practical. It is therefore very important that Government is held to account for how it uses and justifies the continued application of the Act. In chapter 4 we set out some … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government explained its decision to use the Coronavirus Act over the Civil Contingencies Act, highlighting that the Coronavirus Act includes built-in parliamentary scrutiny through six-month reviews and two-monthly reports, which it believes ensure accountability.
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6 Conclusion Fourth Report - Parliamentary Scrutiny … Accepted

The Government’s reticence to use the Civil Contingencies Act in response to a genuine national...

The Government’s reticence to use the Civil Contingencies Act in response to a genuine national emergency calls into question how fit for purpose that legislation is.

Government response AI summary
The government explained its decision to use the Coronavirus Act over the Civil Contingencies Act, asserting that the CCA is designed as a last resort and that the Coronavirus Act provided an opportunity for prior parliamentary scrutiny with agreed renewal of powers.
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7 Conclusion Fourth Report - Parliamentary Scrutiny … Accepted

The Committee is concerned by both the scale of legislation and the inability of Parliamentarians...

The Committee is concerned by both the scale of legislation and the inability of Parliamentarians to effectively amend COVID-19 legislation. The scale of legislation, covering a large number of statutory instruments made under multiple sources, makes it very difficult for even experts to follow what legislation is in effect. Even … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government noted the committee's concerns, highlighting that existing mechanisms like debates and oral statements offer accountability opportunities and that parliamentary input is taken into consideration, despite regulations not being amendable.
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8 Conclusion Fourth Report - Parliamentary Scrutiny … Accepted

The current system of Parliamentary scrutiny in relation to lockdown regulations is not satisfactory.

The current system of Parliamentary scrutiny in relation to lockdown regulations is not satisfactory. The fact that this legislation, which contains stark restrictions on people’s civil liberties, is not amendable by Members, made under the urgent procedure and therefore without parliamentary scrutiny or effective oversight, coupled with the extremely quick … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government noted the committee's concerns, explaining that existing parliamentary opportunities, such as debates and oral statements, provide mechanisms for accountability and that members' input is considered, although regulations are not amendable.
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11 Recommendation Fourth Report - Parliamentary Scrutiny … Accepted

In the event the Government believes it is necessary for the urgent procedure to 32...

In the event the Government believes it is necessary for the urgent procedure to 32 Parliamentary Scrutiny of the Government’s handling of Covid-19 be used to make affirmative statutory instruments, it behoves it, especially with legislation as important to the national interest as lockdown measures, to schedule debates on those … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government acknowledged seeking to provide timely scrutiny but noted challenges due to rapid changes in disease transmission, citing the Tiers structure and COVID-19 Winter Plan as examples where policy was set out and legislation debated in advance.
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15 Recommendation Fourth Report - Parliamentary Scrutiny … Accepted

It is prudent of the Government not to seek to legislate for every eventuality, which...

It is prudent of the Government not to seek to legislate for every eventuality, which would lead to a myriad of confusing, flawed and ultimately unenforceable provisions and exceptions. There is, therefore, a clear role for both guidance and legislation in Parliamentary Scrutiny of the Government’s handling of Covid-19 33 … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government acknowledges past issues with clarity and commits to continually striving to ensure future announcements are made in good time and that communications clearly distinguish between guidance and legal requirements.
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18 Conclusion Fourth Report - Parliamentary Scrutiny … Accepted

The motion under section 98 of the Coronavirus Act 2020 is an “all or nothing”...

The motion under section 98 of the Coronavirus Act 2020 is an “all or nothing” proposition. Under the terms of the motion, either all temporary provisions must be expired or none need to be. The House does not have any power under the Act to order Ministers to expire specific … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government acknowledged the 'all or nothing' nature of the motion but argued that members can still effectively influence Ministers during six-monthly reviews, citing an example where this led to policy change, while rejecting a 'pick and choose' approach to maintain legal certainty.
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21 Conclusion Fourth Report - Parliamentary Scrutiny … Accepted

Paragraphs 74–79 of this report includes evidence relating to specific provisions within the Coronavirus Act...

Paragraphs 74–79 of this report includes evidence relating to specific provisions within the Coronavirus Act that may be of interest to Parliamentarians for the six- 34 Parliamentary Scrutiny of the Government’s handling of Covid-19 monthly review. This includes powers under schedules 21 and 22 of the Act and powers relating … Read more

Government response AI summary
The Government announced the removal of the Mental Health Provisions under Section 10 (Schedule 8) of the Coronavirus Act in their entirety for England and partially for Wales, noting they were not required. It also provided an update on the use and necessity of powers …
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22 Conclusion Fourth Report - Parliamentary Scrutiny … Accepted

Not all temporary provisions under the Coronavirus Act 2020 are in force.

Not all temporary provisions under the Coronavirus Act 2020 are in force. The Government’s two-monthly reports, on the status of non-devolved provisions, are therefore an important resource for the debate.

Government response AI summary
The government committed to timetabling six-monthly reviews to ensure two-monthly status reports are published promptly, and will ensure six-month reports are no less detailed, continually providing updated information and evidence-based analysis.
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23 Recommendation Fourth Report - Parliamentary Scrutiny … Accepted

The Government should take care to timetable the six-monthly review debate so that the two-monthly...

The Government should take care to timetable the six-monthly review debate so that the two-monthly status report is published in good time before that debate takes place, ensuring Parliamentarians have the most up-to-date report to inform the debate.

Government response AI summary
The government intends to timetable the six-monthly review debate so the two-monthly status report is published in good time, striving to maximise timetabling despite potential limitations like house sittings, and committing to provide up-to-date information.
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24 Recommendation Fourth Report - Parliamentary Scrutiny … Accepted

It is vital that the temporary provisions in the Coronavirus Act are properly scrutinised and...

It is vital that the temporary provisions in the Coronavirus Act are properly scrutinised and justified. The six-monthly review debate is one of the main avenues for this scrutiny to take place. To aid effective scrutiny and transparency, it is essential that the Government articulates: the original rationale for the … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government has published a Coronavirus Act Analysis, accessible online and committed to updating it, which sets out the rationale, justification, and evidence for the Act's provisions. They also intend to timetable the six-monthly review to ensure timely publication of reports.
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Oral evidence sessions

4 sessions
Date Witnesses
23 Jul 2020 Dame Una O’Brien DCB, Dr Alister Stark, Emma Norris · Institute for Government, Jason Beer QC, Sir Robert Francis · HealthWatch England, The Rt Hon. the Baroness Prashar CBE, The Rt Hon. the Lord Butler of Brockwell KG GCB CVO View ↗
14 Jul 2020 Clara Swinson · Department for Health and Social Care, Edward Argar MP · Department of Health and Social Care, Katharine Hammond · Cabinet Office, Rt Hon Penny Mordaunt MP · Cabinet Office View ↗
23 Jun 2020 Gordon Lyons MLA · Northern Ireland Assembly, Jeremy Miles MS · Welsh Government, Michael Russell MSP · Scottish Parliament View ↗
16 Jun 2020 Dr. Ronan Cormacain · (self-employed), Professor Aileen McHarg · Durham University, Raphael Hogarth · Institute for Government View ↗

Who gave evidence

17 witnesses
WitnessOrganisationSessions
Clara Swinson · Director General Department for Health and Social Care 1
Dame Una O’Brien DCB 1
Dr Alister Stark 1
Dr. Ronan Cormacain (self-employed) 1
Edward Argar MP · Minister of State Department of Health and Social Care 1
Emma Norris · Director of Research Institute for Government 1
Gordon Lyons MLA · Junior Minister, the Executive Office Northern Ireland Assembly 1
Jason Beer QC 1
Jeremy Miles MS · Counsel General for Wales and Minister for Europe… Welsh Government 1
Katharine Hammond · Head of the Civil Contingencies Secretariat Cabinet Office 1
Michael Russell MSP · Cabinet Secretary for Constitution, Europe and Ex… Scottish Parliament 1
Professor Aileen McHarg Durham University 1
Raphael Hogarth Institute for Government 1
Rt Hon Penny Mordaunt MP Cabinet Office 1
Sir Robert Francis · Chair HealthWatch England 1
The Rt Hon. the Baroness Prashar CBE 1
The Rt Hon. the Lord Butler of Brockwell KG GCB CVO 1

Correspondence

11 letters
DateDirectionTitle
6 Oct 2020 To cttee Letter from the Rt Hon Matt Hancock MP, Secretary of State for Health and Socia…
22 Sep 2020 From cttee Letter to the Rt Hon Michael Gove MP on debate on renewal of provisions in the …
2 Sep 2020 To cttee Letter from Edward Argar MP, Minister of State for Health on follow-up evidence…
2 Sep 2020 To cttee Letter from the Paymaster General Rt Hon Penny Mordaunt MP on follow-up evidenc…
2 Sep 2020 To cttee Letter from Gordon Lyons MLA, Junior Minister, Executive Office, Northern Irela…
21 Jul 2020 To cttee Letter from Michael Russell MSP, Cabinet Secretary for Constitution, Europe and…
7 Jul 2020 To cttee Letter from Ed Humpherson, Director General for Regulation, Office for Statisti…
16 Jun 2020 To cttee Letter from Chloe Smith MP, Minister of State on Boundary review and electoral …
9 Jun 2020 Correspondence with Rt Hon Mark Drakeford MP regarding invitation to give oral …
9 Jun 2020 Correspondence with Rt Hon Nicola Sturgeon MSP regarding invitation to give ora…
9 Jun 2020 Correspondence with Rt Hon Arlene Foster MLA regarding invitation to give oral …