Recommendation 97

The RAND Corporation also noted that there was an opportunity to learn from Norway, Sweden and Finland’s Total Defence concepts, which emphasise “bolstering national preparedness and societal and psychological resilience in the face of sub-threshold threats”. 116 Finland’s accession to NATO is also an opportunity for the UK to increase its relationship with the Hybrid Centre of Excellence, based in Helsinki, which focuses on responding to sub-threshold threats in the Arctic, among other regions. The RAND Corporation told us that the Nordic States have significant experience and expertise in countering hybrid threats “and the UK Government, National Preparedness Commission and others could benefit from further international engagement to share lessons learned and best practice”. 117