Select Committee · Home Affairs Committee

Channel crossings, migration and asylum-seeking routes through the EU

Status: Closed Opened: 6 Aug 2020 Closed: 1 Feb 2024 15 recommendations 19 conclusions 1 report

This inquiry will examine the reasons behind the growth in migrants crossing the English Channel in small boats. It will look at the role of criminal gangs in facilitating the growth of this form of illegal immigration and the response of UK and French authorities to combat illegal migration and support legal routes to asylum. … Show more

Clear

Reports

1 report
Title HC No. Published Items Response
First Report - Channel crossings, migration and asylum HC 199 18 Jul 2022 34 Responded

Recommendations & Conclusions

18 items
1 Conclusion First Report - Channel crossings, migra… Accepted

No single magical solution exists for managing complex migration challenges effectively.

Migration, including irregular migration across the English Channel, is an issue on which no magical single solution is possible and on which detailed, evidence- driven, properly costed and fully tested policy initiatives are by far most likely to achieve sustainable incremental change. (Paragraph 2) Management of the asylum system Read more

Government response AI summary
The government agrees there is no silver bullet for illegal migration, stating it has repeatedly warned of this and is already pursuing a multi-faceted approach, including the Rwanda partnership and Nationality and Borders Act.
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Home Office
4 Recommendation First Report - Channel crossings, migra… Accepted

Accept UNHCR support to improve asylum system and prioritise unaccompanied children's claims processing.

The Government should accept the UNHCR’s support for the challenge of rebuilding an efficient and fair asylum system in the UK, and its practical suggestions for operational improvement. The Government should work with the UNHCR to assess the feasibility of proposals including measures to improve the registration, screening and triaging … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government stated it already has a long-standing partnership with the UNHCR for improving asylum processes, including screening and triage, and is continuing to work with local authorities and recruit decision-makers to speed up processing for children's asylum claims.
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Home Office
5 Conclusion First Report - Channel crossings, migra… Accepted

Small boat crossings potentially reflect displaced traffic, requiring caution for policy development.

The visibility of small boat crossings of the English Channel should not prevent our remembering that migrants also use ferries, planes, trains and vehicles to enter the United Kingdom irregularly and by clandestine means. The rapid increase in the proportion of people making the dangerous journey across the Channel may … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government stated it already closely monitors all forms of illegal migration and is alert to potential displacement across different entry types, adding that its preventative activities are threat-agnostic and capabilities are adaptable.
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Home Office
6 Recommendation First Report - Channel crossings, migra… Accepted

Continue prioritising close, collaborative working with French authorities to disrupt organised criminal gangs.

We recommend that the UK Government continue to prioritise close, collaborative working with the French authorities, including provision of equipment and intelligence that may help disrupt organised criminal gangs that profit from the misery and desperation of migrants. An intelligence-led approach remains the best way to identify the activities of … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government stated it continues to prioritise close, collaborative working with French authorities, including operational and intelligence cooperation, and intends to conclude a package of measures with the French government by Autumn.
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Home Office
9 Conclusion First Report - Channel crossings, migra… Accepted

Continue pursuing operations to identify and prosecute migrant smugglers and curb their social media use.

The National Crime Agency should continue to pursue national and international operations to identify and prosecute smugglers and participate in global initiatives to crack down on the use of social media and international communications by smugglers. Read more

Government response AI summary
The government stated the National Crime Agency already continues to prioritise national and international operations to tackle organised immigration crime, including investigating and disrupting groups using the online environment.
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Home Office
10 Conclusion First Report - Channel crossings, migra… Accepted

Urgently review lessons from migrant crossings, focusing on intelligence, risk assessment, and informing policy.

The Home Office should urgently review lessons learned from the response to migrant crossings since January 2018. The review should focus on intelligence collection, risk assessment and how information is reported to Ministers and used to inform policy. The Home Office should report in its formal response to this Report … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government states it keeps its operational plan for small boat crossings under constant review and applies learnings, but is reluctant to publish comprehensive operational details.
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Home Office
12 Conclusion First Report - Channel crossings, migra… Accepted

Clarity required on Royal Navy's operational role and success measures for Channel crossings.

Further clarity is required on precisely what difference the assumption of operational responsibility for migrant crossings in the Channel by the Royal Navy (rather than Channel crossings, migration and asylum 45 Border Force) is intended to achieve and what measure of success will be applied when these arrangements are reviewed … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government explains that the Ministry of Defence's operational primacy in the Channel has strengthened planning, coordination, and delivery, providing additional resources and allowing Border Force to build capacity. They state that a number of factors will be considered when reviewing arrangements towards the end …
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Home Office
15 Conclusion First Report - Channel crossings, migra… Accepted

Dropping pushback policy is right due to safety concerns and reputational risks.

Given widely expressed concerns about the practicality and safety of a pushback policy, we think it right that the policy has been dropped: it is hard to see how the benefit of such a manoeuvre as an active deterrent could outweigh its potential costs in the form of risk to … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government states it already works closely with a variety of European countries on border security and intends to deepen this work, with discussions currently underway with a range of partners.
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Home Office
17 Conclusion First Report - Channel crossings, migra… Accepted

Home Office costings for Rwanda migration partnership lack sufficient detail.

The Home Office must provide more detailed costings for its Migration and Economic Development Partnership with Rwanda, including estimates of the likely cost within the current financial year of relocations and probable costs of relocations during the full five years of the programme. Read more

Government response AI summary
The government commits to providing an updated Accounting Officer Note with more detailed costings for the Rwanda partnership ahead of the next financial year, the summary of which will be published.
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Home Office
18 Conclusion First Report - Channel crossings, migra… Accepted

Uncertainty regarding long-term safeguarding responsibility for individuals relocated to Rwanda.

The Home Office must also set out what steps it is taking to ensure that the mental and physical wellbeing of those who are relocated to Rwanda is secured for the long term. The agreement with Rwanda implies that the UK will have no responsibility for people relocated once they … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government details that relocated individuals will receive a generous support package and that a dedicated Monitoring Committee will provide ongoing independent assessment of accommodation, health, and educational provisions, with its terms of reference published.
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Home Office
20 Recommendation First Report - Channel crossings, migra… Accepted

Begin routinely collecting information on reasons migrants seek to journey to the UK.

It is surprising that the Home Office does not routinely collect information on why asylum seekers and other migrants seek to journey to the UK. We recommend that it begin to do so, to form a sound evidence basis for future policy-making.

Government response AI summary
The government states that while asylum claimants are asked why they chose the UK, a project is underway to automate the extraction of this information from transcripts to enable future quantitative analysis for policy-making.
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Home Office
21 Recommendation First Report - Channel crossings, migra… Accepted

Consult authorities and organisations on effective support and communication for migrants in France.

We welcome the Government’s investment in migrant support centres across France, which may help to assure migrants that there are safe and accessible asylum options for them in mainland Europe. We urge the Government to consult authorities and organisations working with the migrants to understand what support is most needed … Read more

Government response AI summary
The Home Office is conducting research with charities and NGOs to understand the most effective channels for communicating safe and legal asylum options to migrants in Europe.
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Home Office
23 Conclusion First Report - Channel crossings, migra… Accepted

Discrepancies persist in safeguarding responsibilities for children within the asylum system.

The Government has a statutory safeguarding responsibility for the welfare of children in the asylum system: these concerns must be addressed as a priority, and there remains clear discrepancies in procedures about whether the Home Office or local authority takes lead responsibility for the safeguarding of minors and how the … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government is establishing a National Age Assessment Board (NAAB) comprising expert social workers, seeking scientific advice on age assessment methods, and introducing a statutory right of appeal to improve decision-making and safeguarding for minors.
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Home Office
25 Recommendation First Report - Channel crossings, migra… Accepted

Confirm safeguarding responsibility for children in hotel accommodation and explain measures addressing disappearances.

The disappearance of separated children from hotels, and a continuing absence of clarity over who is responsible for safeguarding in hotels, is extremely concerning. Channel crossings, migration and asylum 47 The Government must immediately and clearly confirm where responsibility lies for every aspect of safeguarding children housed in this accommodation. … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government describes the existing multi-agency wrap-around care for children in hotels, including professional care workers and robust missing persons protocols, and clarifies that the Home Office does not have the power to detain children.
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Home Office
26 Conclusion First Report - Channel crossings, migra… Accepted

Children's hotel accommodation under National Transfer Scheme extended beyond acceptable limits.

Although the Home Secretary stated that changes to the National Transfer Scheme would ensure hotel accommodation for children “will only need to be in place for the shortest period possible” it has now been in operation for more than nine months. This is not acceptable. Read more

Government response AI summary
The government has mandated the National Transfer Scheme (NTS) and implemented changes, including increasing local authority thresholds, halving transfer deadlines, and providing additional funding for quick transfers, to reduce the time unaccompanied asylum-seeking children spend in hotels.
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Home Office
29 Recommendation First Report - Channel crossings, migra… Accepted

Ensure sufficient capacity for migrant processing, checks, and transfers at Dover.

The Government must ensure that there is enough physical and staff capacity to conduct necessary searches, fingerprinting, identity and initial vulnerability checks consistently on all migrants arriving at Dover before they are transferred to Yarl’s Wood or other Home Office facilities. Read more

Government response AI summary
The government has implemented a two-site processing model at Dover, increased staffing at Western Jetfoil and Manston by 86% in three months, and aims to almost triple staff numbers by year-end to ensure consistent checks on migrants.
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Home Office
30 Conclusion First Report - Channel crossings, migra… Accepted

Investment in internet and resources crucial for effective migrant safeguarding and casework.

Fulfilment of this recommendation is likely to require investment in internet connectivity and/or other equipment and resources. Such investment would deliver greater effectiveness in managing safeguarding obligations and support improved communications between staff processing migrants in different units and reduce casework delays later in the decision-making process. Read more

Government response AI summary
The government states it has transformed arrangements over the last 12 months, moving to a two-site operational model and increasing staffing at Western Jetfoil and Manston by 86%, with a goal to almost triple staff numbers by year-end.
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Home Office
34 Recommendation First Report - Channel crossings, migra… Accepted

Redouble efforts for international cooperation and prioritise safe, legal routes to the UK.

We urge the Government to show leadership through redoubling efforts to engage and co-operate with international partners. The provision of safe and legal routes to the UK should be a key part of the Government’s strategy to counter the criminal trade, and this has not yet received the attention it … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government disagrees with the assertion that it has not paid sufficient attention to the problem, stating it continues to pursue bilateral and multilateral solutions with international partners. It highlights its existing provision of various safe and legal routes as evidence that this is already …
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Home Office

Oral evidence sessions

10 sessions
Date Witnesses
17 Nov 2021 Catherine Frances · Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities, Dan Hobbs · Home Office, Dan O'Mahoney · Home Office, Emma Haddad · Home Office, Tom Pursglove · Home Office, Victoria Atkins · Home Office View ↗
2 Dec 2020 Abi Tierney · HM Passport Office and UK Visas and Immigration, Abi Tierney · Home Office, Chris Philp · Home Office, Dan Hobbs · Home Office, Dan O'Mahoney · Home Office View ↗
25 Nov 2020 Dame Anne Owers · Independent monitoring boards, Dr Hindpal Singh Bui · HM Inspectorate of Prisons, Mary Molyneux · Brook House IRC Independent Monitoring Board, Paul Morrison · Mitie Care and Custody, Sarah Burnett · Serco View ↗
18 Nov 2020 Ainhoa Campas Velasco · University of Southampton, Alp Mehmet MVO · Migration Watch UK, David Blundell QC · Landmark Chambers, Dr Peter Walsh · Migration Observatory, Jill Rutter · British Future, Michelle Knorr · Doughty Street Chambers View ↗
11 Nov 2020 Frode Forfang · Norwegian Directorate of Immigration, Halvor Frihagen · Andersen & Bache-Wiig AS, Madeline Gleeson · University of New South Wales, Australia, Professor Natalie Klein · University of New South Wales, Australia View ↗
7 Oct 2020 Session View ↗
30 Sep 2020 Rossella Pagliuchi-Lor · United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Vincent Cochetel · United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) View ↗
16 Sep 2020 Beth Gardiner-Smith · Safe Passage UK, Maddy Allen · Help Refugees View ↗
9 Sep 2020 Jenny Coles · Association of Directors of Children’s Services, Roger Gough · The County Councils Network (CCN) View ↗
3 Sep 2020 Abi Tierney · Home Office, Dan O'Mahoney · Home Office, Robert Jones · National Crime Agency, Tyson Hepple · Home Office View ↗

Who gave evidence

32 witnesses
WitnessOrganisationSessions
Dan O'Mahoney · Clandestine Channel Threat Commander Home Office 3
Abi Tierney · Director General, Customer Services Capability Home Office 2
Dan Hobbs · Director General, Migration and Borders Group Home Office 2
Abi Tierney · Director General HM Passport Office and UK Visas and Immigration 1
Ainhoa Campas Velasco · PhD student University of Southampton 1
Alp Mehmet MVO · Chairman Migration Watch UK 1
Beth Gardiner-Smith · Chief Executive Officer Safe Passage UK 1
Catherine Frances · Director General, Local Government, Strategy and … Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities 1
Chris Philp · Minister of Immigration Compliance and the Courts Home Office 1
Dame Anne Owers · National Chair Independent monitoring boards 1
David Blundell QC · Barrister Landmark Chambers 1
Dr Hindpal Singh Bui · Inspection Team Leader HM Inspectorate of Prisons 1
Dr Peter Walsh · Researcher Migration Observatory 1
Emma Haddad · Director General, Asylum and Protection Home Office 1
Frode Forfang · Director General Norwegian Directorate of Immigration 1
Halvor Frihagen · Lawyer Andersen & Bache-Wiig AS 1
Jenny Coles · President Association of Directors of Children’s Services 1
Jill Rutter · Director of Strategy and Relationships British Future 1
Maddy Allen · Advocacy Manager Help Refugees 1
Madeline Gleeson · Senior Research Associate University of New South Wales, Australia 1
Mary Molyneux · Chair Brook House IRC Independent Monitoring Board 1
Michelle Knorr · Barrister Doughty Street Chambers 1
Paul Morrison · Immigration Services Director Mitie Care and Custody 1
Professor Natalie Klein · Faculty of Law University of New South Wales, Australia 1
Robert Jones · Director of Threat Leadership National Crime Agency 1
Roger Gough · Children’s Services Spokesperson The County Councils Network (CCN) 1
Rossella Pagliuchi-Lor · Representative to the UK United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 1
Sarah Burnett · Operations Director – Immigration & Secure Logist… Serco 1
Tom Pursglove · Minister of State for Legal Migration and the Bor… Home Office 1
Tyson Hepple · Director General, Immigration Enforcement Home Office 1
Victoria Atkins · Minister for Afghan Resettlement Home Office 1
Vincent Cochetel · Special Envoy for the Central Mediterranean Situa… United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 1

Correspondence

12 letters
DateDirectionTitle
9 Feb 2022 To cttee Letter from the Minister for Justice and Tackling Migration following his appea…
1 Dec 2021 To cttee Letter from Minister for Justice and Tackling Illegal Migration on private brie…
20 Jan 2021 To cttee Letter from the Director General, UK Visas and Immigration, Home Office relatin…
13 Jan 2021 To cttee Letter from the Minister for Immigration Compliance and the Courts on family re…
6 Jan 2021 To cttee Letter from the Minister for Immigration Compliance and the Courts on changes t…
22 Dec 2020 From cttee Letter to the Home Secretary on family reunion arrangements following the UK's …
16 Dec 2020 From cttee Letter to the Home Secretary on the changes to the Immigration Rules, dated 11 …
15 Dec 2020 To cttee Letter from the Minister for Immigration Compliance and the Courts following th…
9 Dec 2020 From cttee Letter to the Minister for Immigration Compliance and the Courts on unaccompani…
14 Oct 2020 To cttee Letter from the Home Secretary on Government proposals for processing of asylum…
7 Oct 2020 From cttee Letter to the National Chair of Independent Monitoring Boards on immigration re…
1 Oct 2020 From cttee Letter to the Home Secretary on Government proposals for processing of asylum s…