Recommendation 69

The UK’s Nordic allies are at the front line of Russian sub-threshold operations. Russia regularly engages in a range of disruptive actions to test the Nordic states’ responses and resilience. This includes GPS jamming, military exercises simulating attacks on its neighbours, maritime sabotage, cyber-attacks and information warfare. 75 Professor Niklas Eklund, Chair of politics and public administration at Umeå University in Sweden, characterised Russia’s approach as a “constant full spectrum testing of our systems”. 76