Select Committee · Public Accounts Committee

Financial sustainability of children’s care homes

Status: Open Opened: 10 Jul 2025 6 recommendations 23 conclusions 1 report

The numbers of looked after children increased by 19% to 83,360 between 2015-16 and 2023-24. Around 16% of looked after children are accommodated in children’s homes. Over the same period, local authority spending on children’s homes has increased rapidly, from £10.7bn to £14.6bn, with a 35% increase (to £97,326) in the average annual cost to …

Reports

1 report
Title HC No. Published Items Response
61st Report - Financial sustainability of children’s care h… HC 1233 16 Jan 2026 29 Responded

Recommendations & Conclusions

29 items
2 Recommendation 61st Report - Financial sustainability … Rejected

Reaffirm commitment to reducing children in unregistered homes to zero by 2027 and detail specific actions.

It is unacceptable that children are placed in illegal settings that are not inspected, increasing safety risks and offering no assurance over the quality of care. Over the last five years, local authorities have reported placing more and more children into unregistered homes. It is illegal to run a children’s …

Government response. The government rejects the recommendation to reaffirm a commitment to zero children in unregistered homes by 2027, stating that a fixed deadline does not reflect the complexity. However, it outlines actions to tackle the issue, including £560 million capital funding, …
HM Treasury
3 Recommendation 61st Report - Financial sustainability … Accepted

Detail plans to address barriers creating children's home places, including funding and staffing.

Providers of children’s homes, including local authorities, are not offering the places needed locally, leading to children being placed in homes that do not meet their needs. There are disparities in the places available across the country, particularly for children with more complex needs. For example, there are currently no …

Government response. The government agrees and is providing £560 million capital funding to LAs for 2026-2030, has supported Ofsted to update registration prioritisation criteria for new homes, is working with the Ministry of Housing to reform planning processes, and will commission an …
HM Treasury
4 Recommendation 61st Report - Financial sustainability … Accepted

Set out how to address barriers to increasing foster carer numbers with clear timeframe and milestones.

To reduce the demand for children’s residential care, the Department is relying on there being more foster carers, but it has yet to address the significant challenges to increase numbers. The Department sees reducing demand for residential care as key to reducing costs. To do so, it plans to work …

Government response. The government accepted the recommendation, noting it published an action plan, 'Renewing fostering: homes for 10,000 more children,' in February 2026. This plan details a comprehensive approach to increase foster care places, including national recruitment, digital tools, capital investment, and …
HM Treasury
5 Recommendation 61st Report - Financial sustainability … Accepted

Set out how to understand private provider finances and proactively address market risks.

Despite private providers providing most care home places, the Department does not fully understand their financial position. Private sector providers are responsible for 84% of children’s homes and 74% of places for children in England. Seven of the ten largest children’s homes providers are owned by private equity, which means …

Government response. The government accepted the recommendation, explaining that the Financial Oversight Scheme, established through the Children’s Wellbeing and Schools Bill, will increase financial transparency and allow real-time assessment of financial risk and debt positions for "difficult to replace" providers. The scheme …
HM Treasury
6 Recommendation 61st Report - Financial sustainability … Accepted

Clarify principles of collaborative regional approach, national implementation timeline, and interim local authority support.

The Department has failed to address the problem of local authorities competing for places and the effect that has on driving up costs. A mismatch between the availability and demand for residential home places means local authorities compete for places, particularly when homes need to be found at the last …

Government response. The government agrees, outlining that Regional Care Cooperatives (RCCs) will transform children's social care through collective buying power and pooled resources. Following positive evaluations of 2025 pathfinders, the department intends to accelerate the national rollout, aiming for every local authority …
HM Treasury
1 Conclusion 61st Report - Financial sustainability … Acknowledged

Committee took evidence on sustainability of children's residential care.

On the basis of a report by the Comptroller and Auditor General, we took evidence from the Department for Education (the Department) on the sustainability of children’s residential care.2 We also took evidence from the Children’s Commissioner, the Association of Directors of Children’s Services (a local government membership organisation), and …

Government response. The government agrees with the committee's introductory statement and outlines its ongoing decisive actions to address issues in the children's social care market, including £2.4 billion for early intervention, investment in fostering, creating over 600 specialist placements, and rolling out …
HM Treasury
7 Conclusion 61st Report - Financial sustainability …

Local authority discretion in children's social care; national support rollout awaits Ministerial decisions.

The Department told us that local authorities have a lot of discretion to make decisions impacting children’s social care provision. It described how, for example, some local authorities provided foster carers with capital grants to convert and increase the space available in their homes, while some local authorities informally cooperated …

HM Treasury
9 Conclusion 61st Report - Financial sustainability …

High number of care leaver deaths highlights poor transition coordination to adult services.

We asked the Department and other witnesses about the circumstances surrounding a young person recently taking their own life after turning 18 and facing the uncertainty of moving out of the children’s social care system. A situation which the Chief Social worker for children and families agreed was shocking.16 Sky …

HM Treasury
10 Conclusion 61st Report - Financial sustainability … Acknowledged

Significant rise in children placed in unregistered homes with lengthy placement durations.

In recent years, the number of children reported to Ofsted as being placed in unregistered homes at some point each year rose significantly, from 147 during 2020–21 to 982 during 2023–24.20 More recently, the Children’s Commissioner found that as at September 2024, 775 children were in unregistered accommodation—around 10% of …

Government response. Acknowledges that placing children in illegal settings that are not inspected is unacceptable.
HM Treasury
11 Conclusion 61st Report - Financial sustainability … Acknowledged

Lack of oversight leaves children in illegal unregistered homes at significant risk.

Ofsted cannot routinely inspect unregistered homes and local authorities are not obliged to inform Ofsted when they place children in unregistered care, even though it is illegal for providers to operate such homes.22 In such cases there are no formal checks to ensure that children receive high quality care and …

Government response. Acknowledges that placing children in illegal settings that are not inspected is unacceptable.
HM Treasury
12 Conclusion 61st Report - Financial sustainability … Acknowledged

Local authorities resort to unregistered homes as last resort due to placement scarcity.

We asked the Association of Directors of Children’s Services how it could possibly be right for any local authority to place children in homes that are not inspected. It described this as a consequence of local authorities having an absolute duty to place young people who needed a home but …

Government response. Acknowledges that placing children in illegal settings that are not inspected is unacceptable.
HM Treasury
13 Conclusion 61st Report - Financial sustainability … Acknowledged

Ofsted faces significant delays registering supported accommodation providers, impacting the use of illegal provision.

The Department described the delays in Ofsted registering providers, and how this impacted the use of illegal provision. Changes to the law requiring the registration of those providing supported accommodation for 16 and 17-year-olds, strengthening oversight, led to a significant growth in home registrations and to delays. Ofsted has set …

Government response. Acknowledges that delays in Ofsted registering providers impacts the use of illegal provision.
HM Treasury
14 Conclusion 61st Report - Financial sustainability … Acknowledged

Significant geographical disparities in children's home availability lead to unsuitable placements and poor outcomes.

There are disparities in the number and types of children’s home available in different areas across the country, particularly for children with more complex needs.29 For example, there are no secure homes across all of London, while South West England has disproportionately few homes with specialist provision for children with …

Government response. Acknowledges that providers of children’s homes are not offering the places needed locally, leading to children being placed in homes that do not meet their needs.
HM Treasury
15 Conclusion 61st Report - Financial sustainability … Not Addressed

Barriers and lack of incentives hinder the creation of children's homes matching children's needs.

Local authorities and private providers face barriers and lack incentives to open homes and create places matching children’s needs at the scale required.35 The Association of Directors of Children’s Services told us that the distribution of residential provision is based on where it is easy to open a home, often …

Government response. The response simply restates the committee's conclusion from a different section.
HM Treasury
16 Conclusion 61st Report - Financial sustainability … Not Addressed

Staffing shortages and lack of qualified managers hinder residential children's homes operation and capacity.

Homes require qualified staff to operate, including a registered manager, with staffing a significant issue for residential care providers.39 The Children’s Homes Association told us that staffing costs make up 60-80% of operating costs.40 The Children’s Commissioner told us that some providers react to taking children with complex needs by …

Government response. The response simply restates the committee's conclusion from a different section.
HM Treasury
17 Conclusion 61st Report - Financial sustainability … Not Addressed

Inconsistent capital funding and local authority competition impede creating children's homes where needed.

The Association of Directors of Children’s Services described inconsistencies in capital funding, and competition between local authorities for funding, as barriers to creating homes where they are needed. Where one local authority might be delighted to win several million pounds to develop in-house provision, another will have lost out. It …

Government response. The Committee noted that the Association of Directors of Children’s Services described inconsistencies in capital funding as barriers to creating homes where they are needed. The government's response discusses providers of children’s homes not offering the places needed locally, but …
HM Treasury
18 Conclusion 61st Report - Financial sustainability … Acknowledged

Foster care households and placements have significantly decreased despite the Department's reduction goals.

The Department told us that it sees reducing the need for residential care as key to addressing some of the drivers behind the increased cost. It plans to reduce the need by preventing children becoming looked after by a local authority, and then by increasing the availability of foster care, …

Government response. Acknowledges the Department is relying on there being more foster carers, but it has yet to address the significant challenges to increase numbers.
HM Treasury
19 Conclusion 61st Report - Financial sustainability … Acknowledged

Departmental fostering recruitment hubs show limited immediate impact on increasing foster carer numbers.

The Department has initiatives to increase foster carer numbers. It described, for example, launching 10 fostering recruitment hubs by 2024, covering around two thirds of local authorities.50 It explained that these hubs are boosting co-ordinated recruitment of foster carers between local authorities, and offering greater support for those becoming foster …

Government response. Acknowledges the Department is relying on there being more foster carers, but it has yet to address the significant challenges to increase numbers.
HM Treasury
20 Conclusion 61st Report - Financial sustainability … Not Addressed

Insufficient fees, home adaptation needs, and societal shifts create barriers to increasing foster care.

The Association for Directors of Children’s Services explained that there are barriers to increasing foster care numbers. This includes insufficient fees and allowances for foster carers, the need for foster carers to adapt their 47 Qq 26, 59 48 C&AG’s Report, para 2.7 49 National Association of Fostering Providers (CCH0003) …

Government response. The response simply restates the committee's conclusion.
HM Treasury
21 Conclusion 61st Report - Financial sustainability … Not Addressed

Department lacks systematic encouragement or direction for local authorities in supporting foster carers.

We asked the Department how it intended to overcome these barriers, and those of the cost of living, given these would not be addressed through the fostering hub. It told us that local authorities have a lot of discretion over the support they offer foster carers. It has seen, for …

Government response. The response simply restates the committee's conclusion.
HM Treasury
22 Conclusion 61st Report - Financial sustainability … Acknowledged

Private providers significantly dominate the residential care market, owning 84% of all settings.

In 2024–25, 84% of residential care settings registered with Ofsted, including supported accommodation and children’s homes, were owned by private providers.57 The Department told us this accounts for 74% of residential care places, because privately-owned homes tend to offer fewer places than those run by local authorities and the voluntary …

Government response. Acknowledges that the Department does not fully understand the financial position of private providers.
HM Treasury
23 Conclusion 61st Report - Financial sustainability … Acknowledged

Lack of transparency hinders understanding of reasonable prices for children's residential care.

As local authorities manage all provider contracts, the Department does not have direct visibility of contract and financial information. It does not fully understand what constitutes a reasonable price for residential care.59 The Department acknowledged that there is room to improve transparency and price sharing to strengthen the hand of …

Government response. Acknowledges that the Department does not fully understand the financial position of private providers.
HM Treasury
24 Conclusion 61st Report - Financial sustainability … Not Addressed

Some private providers of children's social care achieve unacceptably high profit margins.

We raised concerns about the high levels of profits of some private providers.64 The Competition and Markets Authority found in 2022 that the fifteen largest providers of children’s social care had average profit rates of 22.6% for children’s homes, and that their prices increased by an average of 3.5% above …

Government response. The Committee raised concerns about the high levels of profits of some private providers. The government's response notes that despite private providers providing most care home places, the Department does not fully understand their financial position.
HM Treasury
25 Conclusion 61st Report - Financial sustainability … Acknowledged

Proposed profit cap and oversight scheme for children's care lacks robustness to address private equity.

The Department described the significant levels of profit for some suppliers as the reason it introduced provisions in the Children’s Wellbeing and Schools Bill for a profit cap.69 The Bill will also introduce a financial oversight scheme covering those providers deemed hardest to replace. The Department acknowledged that how it …

Government response. The Committee noted that the Department introduced provisions in the Children’s Wellbeing and Schools Bill for a profit cap and a financial oversight scheme. The government explains that the Financial Oversight Scheme will be established and will increase financial and …
HM Treasury
26 Conclusion 61st Report - Financial sustainability … Acknowledged

Competition among local authorities for children's home places drives up costs significantly.

When finding children’s homes places, local authorities must often look outside of their own area, putting them in competition with each other. Local authorities also often rely on finding places just at the time children need to be housed, rather than buying in advance. which can further increase competition and …

Government response. The Committee noted that local authorities often compete for available beds which increases prices. The government states it agrees with the Committee's recommendation and aims to implement the model nationally by Spring 2029, backed by over £10 million of funding …
HM Treasury
27 Conclusion 61st Report - Financial sustainability … Acknowledged

Department accepts recommendations for regional commissioning to improve children's residential care provision.

The Department accepted recommendations to introduce regional commissioning made by the Competition and Markets Authority and Josh MacAlister in 2022. The MacAlister review recommended that local authorities should group together in regional organisations, taking collective responsibility for running public-sector residential care and fostering and for all commissioning.77 The Children’s Commissioner …

Government response. The Committee noted the Department accepted recommendations to introduce regional commissioning. The government states it agrees with the Committee's recommendation and aims to implement the model nationally by Spring 2029, backed by over £10 million of funding to support the …
HM Treasury
28 Recommendation 61st Report - Financial sustainability … Accepted

Regional commissioning pilots delayed and limited, with national rollout potentially taking ten years.

The MacAlister review envisaged regional organisations operating fully from early 2025, to address sufficiency challenges by 2027. The Department decided against immediately rolling out regional commissioning nationally given insufficient evidence on potential benefits, instead opting for pilots in two regions, Greater Manchester and South East England. Delays meant the Department …

Government response. The government agrees with the recommendation to clarify the principles behind the collaborative regional approach and expects to implement its model nationally by Spring 2029, including launching an expression of interest backed by over £10 million of funding to support …
HM Treasury
29 Conclusion 61st Report - Financial sustainability … Acknowledged

Full regional commissioning model remains untested, raising concerns over scope and accountability.

The Department has not confirmed how it will test the full commissioning model, and stakeholders have highlighted the scale of change and the need for a strong evidence base.80 The Children’s Homes Association told us that it was unclear how regional care co-operatives would address barriers relating to property prices, …

Government response. The Committee noted concerns about testing the commissioning model and highlighted barriers related to property prices, planning permission and the workforce. The government states it agrees with the Committee's recommendation and aims to implement the model nationally by Spring 2029, …
HM Treasury

Oral evidence sessions

1 session
Date Witnesses
17 Nov 2025 Dr Mark Kerr · Children’s Homes Association, Gila Sacks · Department for Education, Isabelle Trowler CBE · Department for Education, Joe Lane · Citizens Advice, Rachael Wardell OBE · Association of Directors of Children’s Services, Susan Acland-Hood · The Department for Education View ↗

Correspondence

4 letters
DateDirectionTitle
27 Apr 2026 From cttee Letter to the Permanent Secretary to the Department for Education relating to T…
12 Jan 2026 To cttee Letter from the Chief Executive Officer of IESE CIC relating to the written evi…
8 Jan 2026 To cttee Letter from the Chief Executive Officer at the Children’s Homes Association rel…
8 Dec 2025 To cttee Letter from the President of the Association of Directors of Children’s Service…