Select Committee · Environmental Audit Committee

Net zero aviation and shipping

Status: Closed Opened: 20 Jul 2021 Closed: 13 Mar 2025 33 recommendations 37 conclusions 2 reports

Aviation and shipping pose major challenges to reducing emissions. Together they account for 10% of UK greenhouse gas emissions and on current trends, aviation will be the largest emitting sector by 2050. The Government has set ambitious targets to reach net zero emissions by 2050 for the UK’s share of international aviation and shipping. This … Show more

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Reports

2 reports
Title HC No. Published Items Response
Seventh Report - Net zero and UK shipping HC 509 29 May 2024 33 Responded
Third Report - Net zero and the UK aviation sector HC 404 21 Dec 2023 37 Responded

Recommendations & Conclusions

17 items
2 Conclusion Third Report - Net zero and the UK avia… Deferred

Commission and support research into aviation's total environmental effects for net zero strategy

We consider that any strategy designed to reduce the impact of UK aviation activity on global warming ought to encompass the environmental effects of aviation in their entirety. We therefore recommend that the Government actively commission, promote and support research into the total environmental effects of aviation, with a view … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government notes the recommendation but responds by stating it will include international aviation and shipping emissions in the Sixth Carbon Budget, legislating for this at the earliest opportunity, rather than committing to actively commissioning and supporting broader research into aviation's total environmental effects.
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5 Recommendation Third Report - Net zero and the UK avia… Deferred

Lay draft statutory instrument defining international aviation and shipping emissions before Parliament

We recommend that the Government lay before Parliament for approval, without further delay, a draft statutory instrument under section 30 of the Climate Change Act 2008 to define the emissions from international aviation and international shipping which are to be reckoned as emissions from sources in the United Kingdom. Read more

Government response AI summary
The government agrees with the recommendation but does not commit to laying the draft statutory instrument. Instead, it discusses the refreshed Airspace Modernisation Strategy and its focus on modernising airspace and enabling new aircraft technologies.
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7 Recommendation Third Report - Net zero and the UK avia… Deferred

Commission comparative analysis of UK aircraft emissions models with Climate Change Committee.

We recommend that the Government work with the Climate Change Committee and Sustainable Aviation on a comparative analysis of the models underpinning the projections for UK aircraft emissions, so as to reach consensus, as far as possible, on the likely impact of measures to be taken by industry and by … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government partially agrees with the recommendation but deflects the request for a comparative analysis of aviation emissions models. Instead, it focuses on the sustainability criteria of the forthcoming Sustainable Aviation Fuel mandate and its efforts to promote high SAF standards internationally.
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10 Recommendation Third Report - Net zero and the UK avia… Deferred

Maintain and enhance engagement with aviation for 2% annual CO2 reduction monitoring.

We recommend that the Government sustain and enhance its engagement with the aviation industry on the delivery of operational efficiencies from current and future fleets of aircraft operating through the UK, to maintain the ambition to secure 2% year- on-year CO2 emissions reductions from fuel and operational efficiencies. The delivery … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government partially agrees, but focuses instead on its aspiration for zero-emission domestic routes by 2030 and a net-zero target for UK domestic aviation by 2040. It also outlines significant funding for the Aerospace Technology Institute Programme to support low and zero-carbon aircraft technology development.
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11 Recommendation Third Report - Net zero and the UK avia… Deferred

Intensify DfT and CAA work on airspace modernisation, prioritising environmental sustainability.

We recommend that the Department for Transport and the Civil Aviation Authority intensify their work on airspace modernisation, bearing in mind the overarching principle of environmental sustainability.

Government response AI summary
The government agrees but deflects the specific focus on airspace modernisation. Instead, it details the launch of a multi-year, multi-million aviation non-CO2 research programme to improve understanding and mitigation of non-CO2 climate impacts, with initial calls for academic projects launched in October 2023.
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12 Conclusion Third Report - Net zero and the UK avia… Deferred

Support exists for Government's aim to achieve net zero in UK airport operations.

We support the Government’s aim to secure net zero in UK airport operations by

Government response AI summary
The government agrees but focuses on enhancing the UK Emissions Trading Scheme for aviation, including phasing out free allocation by 2026. It will also develop and consult on proposals for how the UK ETS should treat Sustainable Aviation Fuel use, exploring alternatives to SAF being …
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19 Recommendation Third Report - Net zero and the UK avia… Deferred

Implement a price support mechanism to incentivise investment in SAF production pathways.

The Government must match its ambition for the development of a domestic SAF industry with an appropriate appetite for risk and innovation in order to ensure that commercial production of truly sustainable fuels develops at pace. The introduction of a revenue certainty mechanism, via provision in the Energy Act 2023, … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government notes the recommendation, referring to prior commitments to introduce a revenue certainty mechanism, with a delivery plan by the end of 2026. It will publish a consultation on options for designing and implementing the mechanism within six months of the Energy Act 2023 …
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28 Conclusion Third Report - Net zero and the UK avia… Deferred

Aviation demand management is effective but lacks formal modelling in Jet Zero Strategy.

There is considerable dispute over the desirability of policy measures which would reduce UK aviation emissions by reducing the demand for aviation services. The Climate Change Committee has been clear that demand management is the most effective way of reducing aviation CO2 and non-CO2 emissions, and whilst there are a … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government noted the conclusion, stating its Jet Zero Strategy focuses on new fuels and technology rather than limiting aviation growth, but committed to considering further measures if emissions targets are not met.
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30 Conclusion Third Report - Net zero and the UK avia… Deferred

Jet Zero Strategy lacks direct policies to discourage flying, relying on indirect measures.

While the Jet Zero Strategy contains measures to influence consumers towards more sustainable choices, and includes carbon pricing measures which will have an indirect effect on demand, it does not include any policy instruments designed to discourage flying in favour of other modes of travel or of communication. Ministers appear … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government notes the recommendation, reiterating its Jet Zero Strategy focus on new fuels and technology, and states it will only consider further measures if the sector is not meeting its emissions reductions trajectory.
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32 Conclusion Third Report - Net zero and the UK avia… Deferred

Government’s high-ambition Jet Zero Strategy carries risk of failing emissions targets.

We recognise that the Government’s decision, while consistent with a policy of promoting the UK aviation industry, carries a degree of risk. In order to deliver the emissions reductions foreseen, the high ambition scenario in the Jet Zero Strategy needs to be followed through with vigour and conviction and needs … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government notes the recommendation, reiterating its Jet Zero Strategy focus on new fuels and technology, and states that it will only consider further measures if the sector is not meeting its emissions reductions trajectory.
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37 Recommendation Third Report - Net zero and the UK avia… Deferred

Develop policy proposals for aviation demand reduction, including frequent flyer levy.

Should the evidence of the review indicate that technological measures alone will not deliver the emissions reductions predicted, we recommend that Ministers reconsider the role of demand management measures in aviation emissions policy. In preparation for the outcome of that review, we recommend that the Government develop policy proposals on … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government notes the recommendation but reiterates its current strategy to achieve net zero without limiting aviation growth, stating it will only consider further measures if the sector is not meeting its emissions reductions trajectory.
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9 Recommendation Seventh Report - Net zero and UK shippi… Deferred

Ensure specific objectives and guaranteed funding for UK SHORE's green maritime technology research.

We welcome the Government’s initiative to establish UK SHORE as a dedicated unit to promote research into green maritime technology and the reduction of emissions from UK shipping. We are nevertheless concerned to note that no specific objectives or targets have been set for the unit, and are alarmed to … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government partially accepts the recommendation, acknowledging the need for longer-term certainty in policy and R&D, but defers action by stating it will consider how to proceed as part of the next multi-year spending review.
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11 Conclusion Seventh Report - Net zero and UK shippi… Deferred

Shipping decarbonisation research funding dwarfed by aviation technology investment.

The provision of up to £206 million of matching funding for research into low- and zero-emission shipping is to be applauded, and no doubt represents a step change in Government investment in the field. It is, however, dwarfed by the sums of public money committed to research and development into … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government partially accepts, recognizing the need for further R&D. It states it will consider how to take forward this recommendation as part of the next multi-year spending review, deferring specific commitments.
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12 Conclusion Seventh Report - Net zero and UK shippi… Deferred

Failure to guarantee long-term funding for maritime decarbonisation research risks stifling progress.

The Government’s current refusal to guarantee funding for research and development into maritime decarbonisation beyond March 2025 is regrettable. We note that the Aviation Technology Institute has received a guarantee of funding to 2030, no doubt reflecting the importance to the economy, and to decarbonisation targets, of rapid progress in … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government partially accepts, acknowledging the need for further R&D and calls for long-term certainty. It states it will consider how to progress this recommendation as part of the next multi-year spending review.
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17 Recommendation Seventh Report - Net zero and UK shippi… Deferred

Consult on introducing a revenue support mechanism to incentivise UK zero-emission marine fuel production.

We recommend that Ministers consult on the introduction of a revenue support mechanism to incentivise the commercial production of zero-emission marine fuels in the UK. (Paragraph 139) Technical measures to decarbonise shipping: efficiency improvements Read more

Government response AI summary
The government notes the recommendation, recognising the need for low-carbon fuels but stating more evidence is needed on how to incentivise UK production. They are committed to gathering further evidence on the potential production of these fuels.
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22 Conclusion Seventh Report - Net zero and UK shippi… Deferred

IMO existing ship efficiency standards lack ambition; more stringent UK approach offers benefits.

IMO standards for existing ship efficiency provide progressively more stringent measures to require the existing fleet to reduce its emissions. Current measures have been criticised for a lack of ambition. While the amendments to the MARPOL Convention currently being contemplated at the IMO may further ratchet up efficiency requirements, there … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government notes the conclusion, recognising the need for improvements to IMO short-term measures and committing to push for changes through the ongoing IMO review process. However, it deems it premature to consult on a more stringent UK approach while the IMO review is underway.
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23 Recommendation Seventh Report - Net zero and UK shippi… Deferred

Consult on regulating carbon intensity of vessels entering UK ports for 'A' to 'C' ratings.

We recommend that Ministers consult on the emissions benefits to be achieved through regulating the maximum carbon intensity of vessels allowed to enter UK ports, with a view to permitting only those vessels rated ‘A’ to ‘C’ for carbon intensity under the current IMO Energy Efficiency Existing Ship index to … Read more

Government response AI summary
The government notes the recommendation but defers action, stating it would be premature to consult on regulating carbon intensity of vessels entering UK ports given the ongoing IMO review process. It will continue to support the IMO review and explore further domestic measures.
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Oral evidence sessions

5 sessions
Date Witnesses
18 May 2022 Eamonn Beirne · Department for Transport, Emma Gilthorpe · Jet Zero Council, Holly Greig · Department for Transport, Lee Rowley · Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, Paul Griffiths · Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, Robert Courts · Department for Transport, Sophie Lane · Aerospace Technology Institute View ↗
30 Mar 2022 Andy Cornell · Renewable Transport Fuel Association, David Morgan · easyJet, Dr Neville Hargreaves · Velocys, Helena Bennett · Green Alliance, Hemant Mistry · International Air Transport Association, Jonathon Counsell · International Airlines Group, Mr Jonathan Hinkles · Loganair, Paddy Lowe · Zero Petroleum View ↗
26 Jan 2022 Alex Clark · Smith School of Enterprise and Environment, University of Oxford, Dr Tristan Smith · UCL Energy Institute, Guy Platten · International Chamber of Shipping, Katharine Palmer · Lloyd's Register, Michael Parker · Citi, Mike McCartain · Associated British Ports View ↗
1 Dec 2021 Glenn Llewellyn · Airbus, Hannah Tew · Connected Places Catapult, Leo Murray · Possible, Matt Gorman · Heathrow Airport, Tim Johnson · Aviation Environment Federation, Val Miftakhov · ZeroAvia View ↗
27 Oct 2021 Anna Ziou · UK Chamber of Shipping, Chris Young · Rolls-Royce, Dr Andy Jefferson · Sustainable Aviation, Dr Chika Miyoshi · Cranfield University, Sarah Kenny · Maritime UK, Simon Bullock · Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Manchester View ↗

Who gave evidence

33 witnesses
WitnessOrganisationSessions
Alex Clark · Researcher Smith School of Enterprise and Environment, University of Oxford 1
Andy Cornell · Representative Renewable Transport Fuel Association 1
Anna Ziou · Policy Director UK Chamber of Shipping 1
Chris Young · Group Chief Engineer Rolls-Royce 1
David Morgan · Director of Flight Operations easyJet 1
Dr Andy Jefferson · Programme Director Sustainable Aviation 1
Dr Chika Miyoshi · Reader in Environmental Systems for Aerospace Cranfield University 1
Dr Neville Hargreaves · Vice President, Waste to Fuels Velocys 1
Dr Tristan Smith · Reader in Energy and Shipping UCL Energy Institute 1
Eamonn Beirne · Deputy Director: Maritime Environment, Technology… Department for Transport 1
Emma Gilthorpe · CEO Jet Zero Council 1
Glenn Llewellyn · Vice President, Zero Emission Aircraft Airbus 1
Guy Platten · Secretary General International Chamber of Shipping 1
Hannah Tew · Director of Air Mobility Connected Places Catapult 1
Helena Bennett · Head of Climate Policy Green Alliance 1
Hemant Mistry · Director of Energy Transition International Air Transport Association 1
Holly Greig · Deputy Director: Aviation Decarbonisation Division Department for Transport 1
Jonathon Counsell · Group Sustainability Director International Airlines Group 1
Katharine Palmer · Global Head of Sustainability Lloyd's Register 1
Lee Rowley · Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State (Minister … Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy 1
Leo Murray · Director of Innovation Possible 1
Matt Gorman · Director of Carbon Strategy Heathrow Airport 1
Michael Parker · Chairman, Global Shipping, Logistics & Offshore Citi 1
Mike McCartain · Group Director of Safety, Marine and Engineering Associated British Ports 1
Mr Jonathan Hinkles · Chief Executive Loganair 1
Paddy Lowe · Founder and CEO Zero Petroleum 1
Paul Griffiths · Head of Aerospace Team Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy 1
Robert Courts · Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State Department for Transport 1
Sarah Kenny · Chair Maritime UK 1
Simon Bullock · Research Associate Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Manchester 1
Sophie Lane · Chief Relationships Officer Aerospace Technology Institute 1
Tim Johnson · Director Aviation Environment Federation 1
Val Miftakhov · Founder & CEO ZeroAvia 1

Correspondence

3 letters
DateDirectionTitle
13 Mar 2025 To cttee Letter from the Secretary of State for Transport relating to the Government's R…
13 Feb 2025 To cttee Letter from the Chair of the Committee to the Secretary of State for Transport,…
9 Jun 2022 To cttee Letter from the Parliamentary Under Secretary of State (Minister for Aviation, …