Recommendation 198

There are two established routes for transit shipping through the Arctic—the Northwest Passage, which runs along the top of North America, and the Northeast Passage which runs predominantly along Russia’s northern coast. The route along the Northeast Passage is often interchangeably referred to as the Northern Sea Route, although the Northern Sea Route is technically a part of the Northeast Passage and defined in Russian law as running from the entrances to the Novaya Zemlya straits in the west to Cape Zhelaniya on the Bering Strait. 227 Figure 4: Arctic transit sea routes Source: Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, ‘Arctic Seaways’: https://www.arcticcentre. org/EN/arcticregion/Maps/Seaways [accessed 1 November 2023]