Recommendation 186

Changes in stock distribution can have economic and food security implications, which in turn can lead to international tensions. Mackerel stocks, for example, used to be managed co-operatively by the EU, the Faroe Islands and Norway, but “the former trilateral arrangement has become outdated” and no effective arrangement to replace it has been agreed. 214 Dr Ásgeirsdóttir, Professor at Bates College, Maine and National Science Foundation Arctic Scholar at the University of Iceland, noted that existing agreements tend to collapse when the distribution of fish stocks changes and that this could lead to conflict, even among allies. 215