Recommendation 71

Minna Ålander of the Finnish Institute for International Affairs told us that Russian jamming of GPS signals in the Gulf of Finland presents a serious issue for civilian air traffic in the region. 80 Lieutenant Commander John Ash noted that the risks posed by GPS jamming in the Arctic are particularly acute because navigation in the Arctic environment is difficult in all circumstances, and GPS signals are often weaker because they rely on satellites at a low altitude that are more regularly restricted by terrain. 81