Select Committee · Environmental Audit Committee

The role of natural capital in the green economy [revived]

Status: Open Opened: 13 Nov 2024 19 recommendations 16 conclusions 1 report

The Environmental Audit Committee in the 2024 Parliament has revived the predecessor Committee's inquiry into the current and potential future role of natural capital in the green economy, and the Government’s proposals to increase private investment in measures to support nature recovery. Read the call for evidence for more information about this revived inquiry.

Clear

Reports

1 report
Title HC No. Published Items Response
1st Report – The role of natural capital in the UK's green … HC 501 7 May 2025 35 Responded

Recommendations & Conclusions

15 items
1 Recommendation 1st Report – The role of natural capita… Accepted

Undertake impact assessment of Planning and Infrastructure Bill on Nature Restoration Fund and nature markets.

The Government should undertake an impact assessment of the Planning and Infrastructure Bill to assess how the Nature Restoration Fund would interact with and impact upon the operation of Biodiversity net gain and of broader Government initiatives to encourage investment into nature markets. The Committee expects this impact assessment to …

Government response. The government states an impact assessment for the Planning and Infrastructure Bill was published on 6 May 2025 and explains how Biodiversity Net Gain and the Nature Restoration Fund are complementary, and how the Bill supports investment in nature markets. …
3 Conclusion 1st Report – The role of natural capita… Accepted

Government yet to fully integrate natural capital into all policy and financial decisions.

The work done so far in Government to incorporate natural capital approaches into policymaking and the overall evaluation of the economy is welcome: but there is little evidence to how this approach genuinely informs Ministerial and Cabinet decisions on the economy. The Government is yet to demonstrate how it is …

Government response. The government describes existing guidance (Green Book, ENCA, Environmental Principles Policy Guidance) and established processes to assess climate and environmental impacts in fiscal decisions, particularly for Spending Review 2025, as mechanisms for integrating natural capital into policy and financial decision-making.
4 Recommendation 1st Report – The role of natural capita… Accepted

Provide assessment of natural capital's incorporation into policy decisions and risk mitigation measures.

We recommend that in its response to this report the Government provide an assessment of the extent to which a natural capital approach is currently incorporated into decisions on policy, how risks to current levels of natural capital are taken into account, and what measures are in place to mitigate …

Government response. The government provides an assessment by detailing how the natural capital approach is incorporated through the Green Book Supplementary Guidance, Environmental Principles Policy Guidance, and the Environmental Improvement Plan, which includes mechanisms for assessing progress and ensuring environmental considerations in …
5 Conclusion 1st Report – The role of natural capita… Accepted

Use 2025 Spending Review to set out natural capital approach to spending and growth benefits.

We expect the Government to use the June 2025 Spending Review to set out how it has taken a natural capital approach to the evaluation of spending decisions as well as to set out how the approaches taken will grow the UK’s stock of natural capital; and what the expected …

Government response. The government confirms it established processes for Spending Review 2025 to assess climate and environmental impacts of fiscal decisions, requiring departments to provide relevant information for spending bids. It further highlights that the Spending Review committed over £2.7 billion annually …
6 Conclusion 1st Report – The role of natural capita… Accepted

Taxpayer purchase of ecosystem services alone is insufficient for required scale of nature recovery.

Taxpayer purchase of ecosystem services alone is no longer a sufficient mechanism to deliver the overall improvement in ecosystem services necessary for the scale of nature recovery required. (Conclusion, Paragraph 49)

Government response. The government agrees more private investment is needed for nature recovery, outlining a strategy for multifunctional land use and confirming over £2.7 billion in annual investment for farming and nature recovery, with ELMS funding increasing to £2 billion by 2028/29.
7 Conclusion 1st Report – The role of natural capita… Accepted

Ensure policy supports farmers and land managers to deliver ecosystem improvements alongside food production.

The Committee agrees with the Government’s current approach to driving investment into nature recovery through drawing in private finance. Whatever the source of the funds, policy should ensure that farmers and land managers are supported to deliver ecosystem improvements while also farming to produce food. (Recommendation, Paragraph 50)

Government response. The government agrees to support farmers and land managers to deliver ecosystem improvements alongside food production, detailing an investment of over £2.7 billion annually in farming and nature recovery, including significant increases for Environmental Land Management Schemes, to provide income …
15 Conclusion 1st Report – The role of natural capita… Accepted

Ministers defined ‘protected’ land for 30by30 commitment based on biodiversity protection

Ministers have set out the criteria they plan to use to establish whether land in England is considered to be ‘protected’ for the purposes of the 30by30 commitment. We note that an area is to be considered ‘protected’ if it can be shown that it is “protected against loss or …

Government response. The government confirmed its 30by30 vision and criteria, stating it is developing more detailed guidance on interpretation and application, alongside an action plan and assessment/reporting processes, all to be published later in 2025.
17 Recommendation 1st Report – The role of natural capita… Accepted

Successful nature markets require balance between scale, local accountability, and BNG benefits

For successful nature markets to be delivered there needs to be an effective balance between efficiencies of scale and local accountability which brings about local buy-in and transparency, ensuring that offsets are being delivered to a high standard. A method for this to be achieved is through facilitating developers to …

Government response. The government outlined ongoing BNG consultations, including efforts to simplify the small sites metric and increase access to the off-site market for SME developers, aiming to make BNG delivery easier and ensure local biodiversity benefits.
18 Recommendation 1st Report – The role of natural capita… Accepted

Evaluate BNG policy effectiveness, review investment estimates, and publish annual updates

The Government should continue to demonstrate leadership on natural capital markets by evaluating and reviewing the BNG policy and whether its design, metrics, and implementation remain effective in increasing investment into natural capital projects and delivering measurable improvements in nature recovery. Estimates of the investment to be generated from BNG …

Government response. The government confirms it continues to monitor BNG, has launched consultations to improve its operation, and will keep monitoring and evaluation requirements under regular review, publishing reports periodically.
30 Recommendation 1st Report – The role of natural capita… Accepted

Set out unequivocal support for BNG policy, driving it through Nationally Significant Infrastructure Projects.

The Government must set out unequivocally its support for BNG policy and ensure that it continues to deliver genuine habitat net gains and supports a thriving market in natural capital credits. The Government should make use of Nationally Significant Infrastructure Projects as a method to drive support for BNG. (Recommendation, …

Government response. The government unequivocally states its continued support for BNG policy. They confirm that BNG will be introduced for Nationally Significant Infrastructure Projects (NSIPs) from May 2026 and that a consultation is underway to determine its application, directly addressing the recommendation …
31 Conclusion 1st Report – The role of natural capita… Accepted

Nature markets face inherent complexities in trading non-fungible, location-specific natural capital assets.

Our inquiry has found many financial mechanisms that can be employed to fund nature recovery: nature markets are one piece of the puzzle. Natural capital assets cannot be directly traded with the same ease as carbon dioxide allowances or carbon credits, owing to their inherent locational basis. In addition to …

Government response. The government agrees that biodiversity is location-specific and that markets must reflect this, highlighting the BNG scheme, development of domestic standards, rejection of international biodiversity offsetting, and exploring regulatory oversight through the VCNM consultation.
32 Recommendation 1st Report – The role of natural capita… Accepted

Define government expectations and set measurable targets for nature recovery through nature markets.

The Government should clearly define its expectation for the level of nature recovery in England which is likely to be achieved through the operation of nature markets, and should set out the criteria against which progress will be evaluated. In doing so, the Government should set, and publish, a target …

Government response. The government highlights existing initiatives and market growth, stating that Environment Act Targets are already set to improve natural capital and interim targets are in the Environmental Improvement Plan, implying these address the committee's call for targets and criteria.
33 Conclusion 1st Report – The role of natural capita… Accepted

Ensure robust regulation and integrity for UK nature markets, preventing offshoring degradation and financial risks.

Nature and biodiversity are highly location specific and a market which trades in biodiversity credits must account for this. The UK Government should ensure that the UK market has integrity and strong regulation that minimises the risk of the UK market offshoring its nature degradation. Care should be taken to …

Government response. The government agrees on the need for market integrity and outlines existing actions like BNG metrics and BSI Nature Investment Standards. It also commits to exploring options to strengthen regulatory oversight, market rules, assurance frameworks, and financial resilience through the …
34 Recommendation 1st Report – The role of natural capita… Accepted

Publish all outstanding nature market documents, provide timelines, and align policies with international standards.

To achieve success in nature markets, the Government must produce the full suite of documents that will be fundamental to its success, including the Land Use Framework, the Government responses to the consultations on a UK Green Taxonomy and on raising integrity in voluntary carbon and nature markets, rules on …

Government response. The government commits to publishing the Land Use Framework and its response to the VCNM consultation later this year, and a decision on the UK Green Taxonomy soon. It notes existing guidance and ongoing consultation for stacking and bundling rules, …
35 Recommendation 1st Report – The role of natural capita… Accepted

Maintain steadfast commitment to implementing biodiversity net gain policy to avoid market uncertainty.

At such an early stage it is difficult to assess the full impacts of the biodiversity net gain policy. The Government should remain steadfast in its commitment to implementation of this policy: any indication that it could be rolled back would cause uncertainty in the market and would have a …

Government response. The government states its continued support for the BNG policy, demonstrating this commitment by outlining two recently launched consultations on applying BNG to NSIPs (due May 2026) and improving BNG for minor and brownfield developments.

Oral evidence sessions

2 sessions
Date Witnesses
18 Dec 2024 Dr Will Lockhart OBE · Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Helen Edmundson · Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Mary Creagh CBE MP · Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs View ↗
4 Dec 2024 Alan Carter · The Land Trust, Dr Heather Plumpton · Green Alliance, Helen Avery · Green Finance Institute, Judicaelle Hammond · Country Land and Business Association, Kate McGavin · National Wealth Fund, Rt Hon Philip Dunne · Environmental Audit Select Committee View ↗

Correspondence

4 letters
DateDirectionTitle
16 Oct 2025 To cttee Letter from the Chief Secretary to the Treasury relating to the environmental …
4 Sep 2025 To cttee Letter from the Under Secretary of State for Nature relating to the Role of Nat…
4 Sep 2025 From cttee Letter to the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs relati…
22 Jul 2025 To cttee Letter from the Chair to the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural…