Source · Prevention of Future Deaths

Paul Ryley

Ref: 2018-0284 Date: 14 Sep 2018 Coroner: Emma Brown Area: Birmingham and Solihull Responses identified: 1 / 1 View PDF

Unclear Toxbase guidelines for paracetamol overdose re-presentations lead clinicians to misunderstand their applicability, risking patients not receiving crucial treatment for liver toxicity.

Date 14 Sep 2018
56-day deadline 9 Nov 2018
Responses identified 1 of 1
Alcohol, drug and medication related deaths

Coroner's concerns

AI summary
Unclear Toxbase guidelines for paracetamol overdose re-presentations lead clinicians to misunderstand their applicability, risking patients not receiving crucial treatment for liver toxicity.
View full coroner's concerns
The Toxbase Guidelines for Paracetamol overdose (which compromise of a general guidance sheet and then several sheets specific to the period since ingestion) were considered and it was identified that they do not expressly state whether or not they apply only to an initial attendance and do not set out any steps to be followed when a patient re-presents within a short time of an initial attendance for a Paracetamol overdose: Evidence was heard from an ED Registrar, ED Consultant and the Consultant Hepatologist that lead the Trust's root cause analysis investigation that the guidelines are commonly understood by emergency department practitioners within this Trust elsewhere to be applicable only to the patient's initial attendance and are therefore not considered when a patient re attends even 1a) and when that re-attendance is within days (in this case within 24 hours) of the initial attendance: Evidence from the experienced ED Consultant was that this is what she had understood from local and national training The evidence before the court was that it is, or ought to be, known that despite a plasma paracetamol level below the therapeutic threshold patients can go on to suffer liver toxicity following a paracetamol overdose and this is clearly stated within the Toxbase guidance: In this case the clinicians did not refer to the Toxbase guidance when the Deceased represented other than to check that on his initial presentation his plasma paracetamol level had been below the therapeutic level (which it had been): The evidence of a Consultant Hepatologist at the inquest was that he could not foresee any real risk in practice from following the guidance within the applicable Toxbase sheet based on time since ingestion even on a representation and to do so would in some cases result in treatment and avoid death: There is therefore a risk that patients are not being given treatment that would increase their chances of survival because clinicians do not have clear guidance on what to do when a patient re-presents and do not regard the existing guidance as applicable

Responses

1 respondent
NPIS Clinical Standards Group
PDF
Action Taken

The NPIS has added a statement to the paracetamol index in TOXBASE guidance: "If the patient re-presents following assessment and discharge, manage as per a new presentation." (AI summary)

View full response
Dear Ms Boyle Paul David Ryley The NPIS has now been able to examine the evidenceyou provided about this case, as well as our own records which include details on use of the TOXBASE database by registered NHS users including the Emergency Department that managed Mr Ryley _ Specifically in relation to the advice on TOXBASE and its use by this hospital: The patient presented 10 April 2018 at 10.47 Dr Benson reviewed the patient at 12.15 and again at 12.54. The TOXBASE management page for paracetamol was accessed by that Emergency Department at 12.47. We cannot guarantee that TOXBASE was accessed with respect to this specific patient but given the timings it does seem likely: The patient re-presented on 11 April 2018 at 11.12_ Dr Wijendra reviewed patient at 12.21. (appropriate)TOXBASE management page for patients presenting more than 24 hours after ingestion was accessed by the department at 12.18. The ble page was also accessed at this time: Again; we cannot guarantee it was accessed with respect to this patient but it does seem likely given the matched timings. There is a very small possibility of another patient presenting more than 24 after ingestion of paracetamol being managed in the same department at the same time: Within this TOXBASE entry for patients greater than 24 hour after ingestion the advice clearly presented in point 2 is to checkall bloods: TOXBASE guidance for acute paracetamol overdose is clearly set out for different time intervals after ingestion. There is no suggestion that advice would apply only to an initial presentation, contrary to assertions made during the inquest. Also, the NPIS provides a 24/7 telephone advice line that health professionals can use if they are uncertain as to the management ofa patient who may have been poisoned. Nevertheless, in view of the coroners advice, we have added a further statement to the paracetamol index in' our TOXBASE guidance as follows If the patient re-presents following assessment and discharge, manage as per a new presentation: We hope that the information provided is useful and that the actions we have taken deal adequately with the coroner' s Regulation 28 Report:

Report sections

Investigation and inquest
On 15/06/2018 commenced an investigation into the death of Paul David Ryley: The investigation concluded at the end ofan inquest on 1lth September 2018. The conclusion of the inquest was of an Alcohol and drug related death:
Circumstances of the death
The Deceased died at the Birmingham Heartlands Hospital at 11.36 on the 14th April 2018 as a result of the effects of a paracetamol overdose on the 1Oth April 2018. He had attended hospital on the 1Oth April at which time he showed no clinical symptoms of paracetamol toxicity and his plasma concentration was below the treatment threshold: However, he presented again on the I1th April with persistent tachycardia, lower stomach pain, episodes of nausea and vomiting and visual hallucinations, routine blood tests were not undertaken and his symptoms were attributed to alcohol withdrawal despite a known risk that severe liver toxicity can develop in a few patients with a plasma paracetamol level that appears below the threshold It is likely that routine blood test results would have been abnormal resulting in diagnosis and treatment which would have given a 50% chance of success. By the time he was admitted on the 12th April the deceased was too ill for treatment: The Deceased's intention when he overdosed on the 1Oth April cannot be identified on a balance of probabilities Following a post mortem the medical cause of death was determined to be:
Action should be taken
In my opinion action should be taken to prevent future deaths in the form of review the existing Toxbase guidance and how it is used with respect to re-presentation for paracetamol overdose and believe you have the power to take such action:

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Report details

Reference
2018-0284
Date of report
14 September 2018
Coroner
Emma Brown
Coroner area
Birmingham and Solihull

Responses identified

Responses identified 1 of 1
All listed responses identified

Organisations named in PFD reports are normally expected to respond within 56 days. Deadline: 9 Nov 2018.

Sent to

Toxbase

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